Isigaba sokuqala siwumqondo wokupakisha
1. Incazelo yokupakisha
Kuzwelonke laseShayina elijwayelekile i-GB/T41221-1996, incazelo yokupakishwa ithi: igama eliphelele leziqukathi, izinto zokwakha kanye nezinto ezisizayo ezisetshenziswa ngokwezindlela ezithile zobuchwepheshe ukuze kuvikelwe imikhiqizo ohlelweni lokujikeleza, kube lula ukugcinwa nokuhamba, nokukhuthaza. ukuthengisa.Kuphinde kubhekise emisebenzini yokusebenza lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela ezithile zobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa iziqukathi, izinto zokwakha kanye nezinsizi ukuze kufezwe lezi zinhloso ezingenhla.
Qonda incazelo yokupakishwa komkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa izici ezimbili zencazelo: ngakolunye uhlangothi ibhekisela esitsheni esinomkhiqizo, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi ukupakisha, njengezikhwama, amabhokisi, amabhakede, obhasikidi, amabhodlela, njll.;Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekiselwa kunqubo yokupakisha imikhiqizo, njengokupakisha, ukupakisha, njll.
Ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kunezici ezimbili, njengokuncika kanye nempahla.Ukupakishwa kuyisisekeli kokuqukethwe kwakho;Ukupakisha kuyalekelela.Njengebhokisi lesibambi sikagwayi, ibhokisi likagwayi, ibhokisi likagwayi elingenalutho, ibhokisi likagwayi elingenalutho, okwezifisoamabhokisi pre roll,ngokwesikoamabhokisi pre roll, kuyashisa ukudayisa umkhiqizo.
Imikhiqizo ekhethekile kokuqukethwe, enenani kanye nenani lokusebenzisa;Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokubona ukubaluleka kwemikhiqizo yangaphakathi nokusebenzisa inani.
Isizukulwane sokupakisha
Ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi ukupakisha kuvame ukuxhunyaniswa nemikhiqizo futhi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuzuza inani lomkhiqizo kanye nenani lokusetshenziswa.Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha kufanele kubalwe kusukela ekuqaleni kokuhwebelana kwemikhiqizo emphakathini wesintu.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwakheka kokupakisha nakho kuhlobene eduze nokuthuthukiswa kokujikeleza komkhiqizo.Ukwakheka kokupakisha kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu.
1. Isiteji sokupakisha esiyinhloko
Esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, ngemuva kokuvela kokuhwebelana komkhiqizo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukujikeleza kwemikhiqizo, isidingo sokuqala ukuthuthwa nokugcinwa komkhiqizo, okungukuthi, umkhiqizo ukumelana nokudluliswa kwendawo kanye nokudlula. isikhathi.Ngale ndlela, ukupakisha kuye kwathuthukiswa ukuze kuvikeleke imikhiqizo.Ngalesi sikhathi, ukupakisha kuvame ukusho ukupakishwa okuyisisekelo, okungukuthi, ukuqedela umsebenzi wokupakisha ingxenye yokuthutha, kusetshenziswa iziqukathi zokupakisha eziyinhloko ezifana namabhokisi, amabhakede, obhasikidi, nobhasikidi.Njengoba lingekho iphakheji elincane, umkhiqizo udinga ukusatshalaliswa ezitolo.
2. Isiteji sokuthuthukisa ukupakisha
Kulesi sigaba, akukhona ukupakishwa kwezinto zokuhamba kuphela, kodwa futhi nokupakisha okuncane okudlala indima ekudluliseni ubuhle.Ngokuthuthuka komnotho wezimpahla, kuba nemikhiqizo eminingi, futhi amabhizinisi ahlukene akhiqiza imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ehlukene nemibala ehlukene.Ekuqaleni, abakhiqizi basebenzisa izici zomkhiqizo ukuze bahlukanise imikhiqizo yamabhizinisi, bese kancane kancane basebenzise amaphakheji amancane ukudlulisa lolu lwazi.Ngokuncintisana kwemakethe okuqinile, ukupakisha okuncane bese kudlala indima yokuhlobisa nokukhangisa imikhiqizo.Ngalesi sikhathi, ukupakishwa kwezinto zokuhamba kusadlala indima yokuvikela, kuyilapho ukupakisha okuncane kudlala indima yokuhlukanisa imikhiqizo, ukuhlobisa nokukhuthaza imikhiqizo.Ngenxa yephakheji elincane, umkhiqizo akudingeki ukuthi usakazwe ezitolo, kodwa umkhiqizo usadinga ukwethulwa futhi ukhuthazwe umdayisi.
Ukuvela kokuthengiswa kwezitolo ezinkulu kuphushele ukupakishwa esigabeni esiphezulu sokuthuthuka.3. Ukupakishwa kokuthengisa sekube yisiteji somthengisi othulile womkhiqizo ukuya lapho kuguquguquka khona ukuthengiswa, ukupakishwa kokuthengisa sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yomkhiqizo, sekuyindlela ebalulekile yokufuna ukugcoba okwengeziwe, ukupakishwa kokuthengisa ekukhiqizeni ukuthengisa. futhi ukusetshenziswa endimeni nakho kuyakhula.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukupakishwa kwezinto zokuhamba kuthuthukile kusukela ekuvikelweni okulula kuya ekuqondisweni kwendlela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha ezokuthutha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokupakisha kuze kufike esigabeni samanje ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi ukupakisha kwesimanje.Ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo yesimanje, ukuncika kwemikhiqizo emaphaketheni kuya kuba sobala ngokwengeziwe, kuwo wonke ukukhiqizwa, ukusakazwa, ukuthengisa ngisho nezinkambu zokusetshenziswa zidinga isesekeli - ukuntuleka kokupakisha kunzima ukwakha umbuthano omuhle wokukhiqizwa komphakathi. .Ngakho-ke, nakuba izinhlobonhlobo zokupakishwa zanamuhla zikhula, umsebenzi ukhulisa ingxenye yokukhuphuka kwezindleko, ukupakishwa kuseyisisekeli somkhiqizo wangaphakathi, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kokupakisha kuzovinjelwa umkhiqizo, izici zomkhiqizo wangaphakathi kanye noshintsho lwawo. iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esithinta ukuthuthukiswa kokupakisha.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthengiswa kwamaphakheji ngokwako kuya ngokuya kuba sobala ekukhiqizeni umkhiqizo wesimanje.Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukupakishwa sekuthuthukisiwe kuze kube manje, nakuba ukuncika kwemikhiqizo ekufakweni kuye kwanda, ukuncika kokukhiqizwa kokupakisha ekukhiqizeni umkhiqizo kwehlile, futhi ukuzimela kwayo okuhlobene kuye kwanda.
Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha sekungomunye wemikhakha ebalulekile yezimboni.Phakathi kwezimboni ezinkulu ezingu-40 kuleli, imboni yokupakisha ikleliswe endaweni ye-12.Ukupakishwa, njengeminye imikhiqizo yabasebenzi edingekayo emphakathini, kunemvelo futhi sekuyinto yokuhwebelana phakathi kweminyango.Umqondo wokupakishwa kwesimanje ukhombisa ubunjalo bempahla, izindlela kanye nomsebenzi wokukhiqiza wokupakisha.Inani lokupakishwa lifakiwe enanini lomkhiqizo, elinganxeshezelwa kuphela lapho umkhiqizo uthengiswa, kodwa futhi kunxeshezelwa ngokweqile ngenxa yezizathu zokuhlinzekwa kwemakethe kanye nesidingo.Ukupakishwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kungaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho.Ukupakisha kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, iningi lemikhiqizo kuphela ngemuva kokupakishwa, ukuqedela inqubo yayo yokukhiqiza, ukuze ingene emkhakheni wokujikeleza nokusetshenziswa.Emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bokupakisha, ngokujwayelekile, umkhiqizo kanye nokupakishwa kungakha umkhiqizo oqhudelanayo.Ukupakishwa kusekelwe enanini elithile lemikhiqizo, izimfanelo, amafomu kanye nezimo zokugcinwa nezokuthutha kanye nezidingo zokuthengisa, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithile zokupakisha nezindlela zobuchwepheshe, ngokuya ngezidingo zokuklama ukudala inhlanganisela yokumodela nokuhlobisa kwebhizinisi, nge izici ezimbili zobuciko nobuchwepheshe, ngesimo, umthamo, izinga, ubuqotho nezinye izici.Ngokombono wokubunjwa ngokomzimba, noma yikuphi ukupakisha, kudingeka kusetshenziswe izinto zokupakisha ezithile, ngokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kobuchwepheshe bokupakisha, banesakhiwo sabo esiyingqayizivele, ukuma nokubukeka komhlobiso.Ngakho-ke, izinto zokupakisha, amasu okupakisha, imodeli yesakhiwo sokupakisha kanye nokulayishwa kwendawo yizici ezine ezakha ibhizinisi lokupakisha.Izinto zokupakisha ziyisisekelo sezinto zokupakisha, isithwali esibonakalayo somsebenzi wokupakisha Ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha buyisihluthulelo sokufeza umsebenzi wokuvikela ukupakisha nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yangaphakathi.Ukubunjwa kwesakhiwo sokupakisha kuwuhlobo oluthile lwezinto zokupakisha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokupakisha.Umhlobiso wokupakisha uyinhlanganisela yezinto ezine ngesithombe nokuhlobisa umbhalo, ukukhuthazwa kanye nokwethulwa kwezindlela eziyinhloko zomkhiqizo, isidingo sokuklama okuphelele ukuze kuqedwe, ngale ndlela kuphela kungakha izidingo zemakethe zebhizinisi lokupakisha.
Okwesithathu, umsebenzi wokupakisha
Umsebenzi wokupakisha uboniswa ikakhulukazi kulezi zici ezilandelayo
1. Vikela umkhiqizo
Ukuvikela umkhiqizo kungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokupakisha.Imikhiqizo esenqubweni yokusabalalisa, ingase ithintwe izinto ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle, okuholela ekungcolisweni komkhiqizo, umonakalo, ukuvuza noma ukuwohloka, ukuze imikhiqizo yehlise noma ilahlekelwe inani lokusetshenziswa.Ukupakisha okungokwesayensi nokunengqondo kungenza umkhiqizo umelane nokulimala kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle, ukuze kuvikelwe ukusebenza komkhiqizo futhi kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi kanye nenani lomkhiqizo.Enjaloumshini wokugaya intuthu,ibhokisi likagwayi,Ibhokisi elihlangene,ibhokisi likagwayi.
2. Ukwenza kube lula ukuhamba komkhiqizo
Ukupakisha kunikeza izimo eziyisisekelo kanye lula ukusakazwa kwemikhiqizo.Umkhiqizo upakishwa ngokuvumelana nencazelo ethile, umumo, ubuningi, usayizi neziqukathi ezihlukene, kanti ingaphandle lephakheji ngokuvamile linyatheliswa ngezimpawu ezihlukahlukene, ezibonisa imininingwane yegama lomkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe, ubuningi, umbala kanye nokupakishwa okuphelele. isisindo sengqikithi, isisindo esiphelele, ivolumu, igama lefekthri, ikheli lemboni kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha endaweni yokugcina nokuhamba, ehambisana nokwabiwa kwemikhiqizo, ukubala nokubala.Kuyasiza futhi ekusetshenzisweni okunengqondo kwezinto zokuthutha nokugcina izinto ezihlukahlukene, ukuthuthukisa ukulayishwa nokuthulula, ukuthuthwa, ukupakisha ukusebenza kahle kanye nemiphumela yokulondoloza kanye nezokuthutha, ukusheshisa ukugeleza kwemikhiqizo, kanye nokwenza ngcono izinzuzo zezomnotho zokujikeleza komkhiqizo.
3. Khuthaza futhi wandise ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo Ukupakishwa kwemikhiqizo eklanywe kahle kungadlala indima ekukhangiseni imikhiqizo, ukuhlobisa imikhiqizo kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthengiswa.Ukupakisha akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwemakethe kwemikhiqizo, kodwa futhi kuhehe amakhasimende ngenoveli yayo kanye ne-charm yobuciko eyingqayizivele, ukusetshenziswa komhlahlandlela, kube yisici esihola phambili sokukhuthaza ukuthengwa kwabathengi, ungumthengisi othule wemikhiqizo.Ukupakishwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni amandla okuncintisana emikhiqizo ethunyelwa ngaphandle, ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kohwebo lwangaphandle.
4. Ilungele ukusetshenziswa ngabathengi
Ukupakishwa kokuthengisa ngemikhiqizo ehlukene, amafomu ahlukahlukene, ubukhulu bephakheji bufanelekile, kulula kubathengi ukusisebenzisa, ukulondoloza nokuthwala.Umdwebo, uphawu lokuhweba kanye nencazelo yombhalo kuphakeji kulungele abathengi ukuthi bakhombe, futhi futhi yethule uhlobo nokwakheka komkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa nezindlela zokulondoloza, ezidlala indima elula neyisiqondiso ekusetshenzisweni.
5. Yonga imali
Ukupakisha kuhlobene eduze nezindleko zokukhiqiza.Ukupakisha okunengqondo kungenza imikhiqizo ehlakazekile ihlanganiswe enanini elithile lamafomu, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise kakhulu umthamo wokulayisha kanye nokulayisha okulula nokuthulula izinto zokuhamba, kungasindisa izindleko zokuhamba, izindleko zokugcina nezinye izindleko.Ezinye iziqukathi zokupakisha zingaphinda zigaywe kabusha izikhathi eziningi, konga ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokupakisha neziqukathi zokupakisha, okulungele ukwehlisa izindleko kanye nokwenza ngcono izinzuzo zezomnotho.
Ngamafuphi, imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokupakishwa komkhiqizo kufanele ibe: umsebenzi wokuvikela, umsebenzi wokwenza lula, ukuphromotha kanye nomsebenzi wokubonisa.
Okwesine, ukwakheka kwephakheji
Incazelo yokupakisha: Ukupakisha kubhekise ekubunjweni okuphelele komkhiqizo ngemuva kokupakishwa, okungukuthi, isikhathi esijwayelekile sokupakisha nemikhiqizo.Ngokuvamile yakhiwa izingxenye ezintathu: umkhiqizo, ukupakisha kwangaphakathi kanye nokupakisha kwangaphandle.
Izingxenye zokupakisha ezijwayelekile zifaka izingxenye eziyi-8, okuyilezi: izingxenye ezithwalayo, izingxenye ezingashintshi, izingxenye zokubamba, izingxenye zebhafa, izingxenye zokuvikela indawo engaphezulu, izingxenye ezimelene nokuwohloka, izingxenye zokuvala kanye nendawo yokubonisa.Iphakheji evamile ayifaki konke okungenhla.
Eyesihlanu, izidingo eziyisisekelo zokupakisha
Siza umgwaqo, isoso somhlobiso womunwe othulile thanda umama
1. Ukuze uvumelane nezimpawu zomkhiqizo, ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kufanele kusekelwe ezicini zomkhiqizo, ngokulandelana kwazo kusetshenziswa izinto ezihambisanayo kanye nobuchwepheshe, ukuze ukupakishwa kuhlangabezane ngokugcwele nezidingo zezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zomkhiqizo. umkhiqizo
2. Zivumelanise nezimo zokujikeleza kwegazi
Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo kuyo yonke inqubo yokujikeleza, ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kufanele kube namandla athile, ukuqina, izici eziqinile neziqinile.Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokuthutha kanye nezinto zokuthutha, iziqukathi ezihambisanayo zokupakisha kanye nokwelashwa kobuchwepheshe nakho kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokukhetha.Ngamafuphi, yonke iphakheji kufanele ivumelane nezimo zokugcina nezokuthutha kanye nezidingo zamandla emkhakheni wokujikeleza.
I-3, ukupakishwa kufanele kube okufanelekile futhi okulinganiselwe
Emaphaketheni okuthengisa, usayizi wesiqukathi sokupakisha kanye nomkhiqizo wangaphakathi kufanele ufane, futhi izindleko zokupakisha kufanele zihambisane nezidingo zangempela zomkhiqizo wangaphakathi.Ukugcina isikhala esiningi kakhulu kanye nezindleko zokupakisha ezibalela phezulu kakhulu ingxenye yenani eliphelele lomkhiqizo kuyingozi kubathengi.
Ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kufanele kufane, futhi isisindo sokupakisha, ukucaciswa nobukhulu, ukumodela kwesakhiwo, izinto zokupakisha, amagama, izimpawu zokuphrinta, izindlela zokupakisha, njll. zokupakishwa komkhiqizo kufanele kuhlanganiswe, futhi kancane kancane kwakheka uchungechunge nokwenza jikelele ukuze 4. Ukumiswa kulungele ukukhiqizwa kweziqukathi zokupakisha, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kokupakisha, ukwenza lula izincazelo zeziqukathi zokupakisha, ukunciphisa izindleko, ukonga izinto ezingavuthiwe, ukwenza lula ukuhlonza nokukalwa, futhi kusiza ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokupakishwa komkhiqizo nokuphepha komkhiqizo.
Izinzuzo, ukusetshenziswa okudukisayo "kokufaka amaphakheji ngokweqile".
Izidingo zokuvikela okuluhlaza kanye nemvelo zokupakishwa komkhiqizo zinezimo ezimbili zencazelo: Okokuqala, ukukhethwa kweziqukathi zokupakisha, izinto zokwakha, ubuchwepheshe 5. Ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kufanele kube luhlaza futhi ukuvikelwa kwemvelo ngokwako kufanele kuphephe futhi kuhlanzeke kumkhiqizo kanye nomthengi.Okwesibili, amasu okupakisha neziqukathi zezinto ezisetshenziswayo ziphephile futhi ziluhlaza emvelweni.Ekukhetheni izinto zokupakisha nokukhiqiza, kufanele silandele imigomo yentuthuko esimeme, ukonga amandla, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi, ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuvimbela ukungcola, ukugaywa kabusha okuzinzile, noma ukucekelwa phansi okuphephile ngemva kokulahlwa.
6. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zokupakisha
1. Umqondo wobuchwepheshe bokupakisha Ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha umkhiqizo ubhekise ezinyathelweni zobuchwepheshe ezithathwayo ukumelana nezinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezithinta ikhwalithi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulahleka kwenani nezinguquko zekhwalithi emkhakheni wokujikeleza komkhiqizo, okwaziwa nangokuthi izindlela zokuvikela ukupakishwa komkhiqizo.2. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe bokupakisha umkhiqizo.
Izinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezithinta ukuguqulwa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo zihlukaniswe zibe izici zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji nezinye.Ubuchwepheshe bokuvikela ukupakishwa komkhiqizo yizinyathelo ezithile zokuvimbela ezithathelwa izinto ezingenhla zangaphakathi nangaphandle ezithinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
7. Izinga lomkhiqizo kanye nokupakishwa
Njengoba isisho sithi: "Izimbali ezibomvu zinhle, kodwa futhi amaqabunga aluhlaza asekela."Izinga lomkhiqizo kanye nokupakishwa, njengekhwalithi ye-safflower kanye nemikhiqizo yamaqabunga aluhlaza yikho okuvelele, abantu abafuni ukuthenga okokufaka ukuze bathenge imikhiqizo.
“Kodwa ukupakisha akumele kunganakwa.Ukupakishwa okuhle akukwazi nje ukuvikela umkhiqizo, ukuthengiseka kalula nokuthwala, kuhlobise umkhiqizo ukuze kwandiswe inani, kuvuse isifiso sabathengi sokuthenga, kodwa futhi kudlale indima yomthengisi othule.Ukuklama okuhle kwesistimu yokupakisha akuthuthukisi kuphela inani elengeziwe lemikhiqizo, kodwa futhi kuwuhlobo lobuciko.Lapho ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ingeyokuqala, kepha ukupakishwa akukuhle, kuzophinde kubangele ukuthengisa okuhamba kancane, ngalesi sikhathi, ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kuzokhuphukela esicini esiyinhloko.Isibonelo, i-China yake yathumela amabhodlela amancane kabhiya we-Qingdao e-United States, izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nenqubo zisezingeni eliphezulu, umbala wewayini ucacile, igwebu lihle futhi lihlanzekile, nomlomo uthambile futhi ngomlomo we-100 wangaphandle. ubhiya uma kuqhathaniswa, hhayi ngaphansi.Kodwa izinga lamabhodlela kabhiya weTsingtao lijwayelekile.Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwahamba kancane ukuvula imakethe ebanzi.Amanye amaShayina aphesheya kwezilwandle e-US afuna uTsingtao anikezwe ingubo entsha ehloniphekile.
Nokho, ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kokupakisha, ezinye izinkampani zisebenzisa ukupakisha ukuvala izinga eliphansi lemikhiqizo.Abaqambi bokupakisha kumele bakugweme kokubili ukweqisa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-28-2023