Ingxenye yokuqala isho ukuthini ukupakisha
1. Incazelo yokupakisha
Ku-GB/T41221-1996 kazwelonke yaseShayina, incazelo yokupakisha yile: igama eliphelele lezitsha, izinto zokwakha kanye nezinto ezisizayo ezisetshenziswa ngokwezindlela ezithile zobuchwepheshe ukuze kuvikelwe imikhiqizo enkambisweni yokujikeleza, kube lula ukugcina nokuthuthwa, futhi kukhuthazwe ukuthengiswa. Iphinde ibhekisele emisebenzini yokusebenza lapho izindlela ezithile zobuchwepheshe zisetshenziswa khona enkambisweni yokusebenzisa izitsha, izinto zokwakha kanye nezinto ezisizayo ukuze kufezwe izinhloso ezingenhla.
Qonda incazelo yokupakisha umkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa izici ezimbili zencazelo: ngakolunye uhlangothi kubhekisela esitsheni esiqukethe umkhiqizo, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi ukupakisha, njengezikhwama, amabhokisi, amabhakede, amabhasikidi, amabhodlela, njll.; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekisela enqubweni yokupakisha imikhiqizo, njengokupakisha, ukupakisha, njll.
Ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kunezici ezimbili, njengokuthobela kanye nempahla. Ukupakishwa kuyisithasiselo sokuqukethwe kwawo; Ukupakishwa kuyahambisana.Njengebhokisi lesiphathi sikagwayi, ibhokisi lesigareti, ibhokisi likagwayi elingenalutho, ibhokisi likagwayi elingenalutho, ngokwezifisoamabhokisi angaphambi kokugoqwa, ngokwezifisoamabhokisi angaphambi kokugoqwa, umkhiqizo othengiswayo oshisayo.
Imikhiqizo ekhethekile kokuqukethwe, enenani kanye nenani lokusetshenziswa; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyindlela ebalulekile yokubona inani lemikhiqizo yangaphakathi kanye nenani lokusetshenziswa.
Ukwenziwa kokupakishwa
Ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi ukupakisha kuvame ukuxhunyaniswa nemikhiqizo futhi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokufeza inani lomkhiqizo kanye nenani lokusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha kufanele kubalwe kusukela ekuqaleni kokushintshaniswa kwemikhiqizo emphakathini wesintu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwakheka kokupakisha kuhlobene kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kokujikeleza komkhiqizo. Ukwakheka kokupakisha kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu.
1. Isigaba sokuqala sokupakisha
Esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, ngemva kokuvela kokushintshaniswa komkhiqizo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusakazwa kwemikhiqizo, isidingo sokuqala ukuthuthwa nokugcinwa komkhiqizo, okungukuthi, umkhiqizo omelana nokudluliselwa kwesikhala kanye nokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngale ndlela, ukupakisha kuye kwathuthukiswa ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuvikelwa kwemikhiqizo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukupakisha kuvame ukubhekisela ekupakisheni okuyinhloko, okungukuthi, ukuqedela umsebenzi wokupakisha okuyingxenye yokuthutha, kusetshenziswa izitsha zokupakisha eziyinhloko ezifana namabhokisi, amabhakede, amabhasikidi, kanye namabhasikidi. Njengoba kungekho phakheji encane, umkhiqizo udinga ukusatshalaliswa ezitolo.
2. Isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kokupakisha
Kulesi sigaba, akukhona nje kuphela ukupakishwa kwezokuthutha, kodwa futhi nokupakishwa okuncane okudlala indima ekudluliseni ubuhle. Ngokuthuthuka komnotho wezimpahla, kuba nemikhiqizo eminingi, futhi amabhizinisi ahlukene akhiqiza imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ehlukene nemibala ehlukene. Ekuqaleni, abakhiqizi basebenzisa izici zomkhiqizo ukuhlukanisa imikhiqizo yamabhizinisi, bese kancane kancane besebenzisa ukupakishwa okuncane ukudlulisa lolu lwazi. Ngokuncintisana okukhulu kwemakethe, ukupakishwa okuncane kudlala indima yokuhlobisa nokukhangisa imikhiqizo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukupakishwa kwezokuthutha kusadlala indima yokuvikela, kuyilapho ukupakishwa okuncane kudlala indima yokuhlukanisa imikhiqizo, ukwenza ubuhle nokukhangisa imikhiqizo. Ngenxa yephakheji encane, umkhiqizo akudingeki usatshalaliswe ezitolo, kodwa umkhiqizo usadinga ukwethulwa nokukhangisa ngumthengisi.
Ukuvela kokuthengiswa kwezitolo ezinkulu kuqhubekisele phambili ukupakisha kwafinyelela esigabeni esiphezulu sentuthuko. 3. Ukupakisha kokuthengisa sekuphenduke isigaba somthengisi esithule somkhiqizo esiqondiswe ekushintsheni kokupakisha kokuthengisa, ukupakisha kokuthengisa sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yomkhiqizo, sekuyindlela ebalulekile yokufuna ukugcotshwa okwengeziwe, ukupakisha kokuthengisa ekukhiqizweni kokuthengisa nokusetshenziswa kule ndima nakho kuyakhula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukupakisha kwezokuthutha nakho kuthuthukile kusukela ekuvikelweni okulula kuya esiqondisweni sendlela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphathwa kwezokuthutha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokupakisha kuze kube manje kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukupakisha kwesimanje. Ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo yesimanje, ukuncika kwemikhiqizo ekupakisheni kuya ngokuya kusobala, kuyo yonke imikhakha yokukhiqiza, ukujikeleza, ukuthengisa ngisho nokusetshenziswa kudinga isesekeli - ukuntuleka kokupakisha kunzima ukwakha umbuthano omuhle wokukhiqiza komphakathi. Ngakho-ke, yize ukuhlukahluka kokupakisha kwesimanje kukhuphuka, umsebenzi ukhulisa isilinganiso sokwenyuka kwezindleko, ukupakisha kuseseyisesekeli somkhiqizo wangaphakathi, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kokupakisha kuzonqunyelwa umkhiqizo, izici zomkhiqizo wangaphakathi kanye noshintsho lwawo kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esithinta ukuthuthukiswa kokupakisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthengiswa kokupakisha ngokwako kuya ngokuya kusobala ekukhiqizweni komkhiqizo wesimanje. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukupakisha sekuthuthukile kuze kube manje, yize ukuncika kwemikhiqizo ekupakisheni kukhuphukile, ukuncika kokukhiqiza ukupakisha ekukhiqizweni komkhiqizo kunciphile, futhi ukuzimela kwayo okuhlobene kukhuphukile.
Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha sekungomunye wemikhakha ebalulekile yezimboni. Phakathi kwezimboni ezinkulu ezingu-40 ezweni, imboni yokupakisha isendaweni ye-12. Ukupakisha, njengeminye imikhiqizo yezisebenzi ezidingekayo emphakathini, kunohlobo lwempahla futhi sekuyinto yokuhwebelana phakathi kweminyango. Umqondo wokupakisha wanamuhla ubonisa uhlobo lwempahla, izindlela kanye nomsebenzi wokukhiqiza wokupakisha. Inani lokupakisha lifakiwe enanini lomkhiqizo, elingakhokhelwa kuphela lapho umkhiqizo uthengiswa, kodwa futhi likhokhelwa ngokweqile ngenxa yezizathu zokuhlinzekwa kwemakethe kanye nesidingo. Ukupakisha kwekhwalithi ephezulu kungaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu zomnotho. Ukupakisha kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, iningi lemikhiqizo litholakala kuphela ngemva kokupakisha, ukuze kuqedwe inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuze kungene ensimini yokujikeleza nokusetshenziswa. Emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bokupakisha, ngokuvamile, umkhiqizo kanye nokupakisha kungakha umkhiqizo oncintisanayo. Ukupakisha kusekelwe enanini elithile lemikhiqizo, izimfanelo, amafomu kanye nezimo zokugcina nezokuthutha kanye nezidingo zokuthengisa, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithile zokupakisha kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe, ngokwezidingo zokuklama ukudala inhlanganisela yokwenziwa kwemodeli kanye nokuhlobisa inhlangano, ngezici ezimbili zobuciko nobuchwepheshe, ngesimo, ivolumu, izinga, ubuqotho nezinye izici. Ngokombono wokwakheka ngokomzimba, noma yikuphi ukupakisha, kudingeka kusetshenziswe izinto ezithile zokupakisha, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthile bokupakisha, kube nomklamo wazo oyingqayizivele, ukuma nokubukeka. Ngakho-ke, izinto zokupakisha, amasu okupakisha, imodeli yesakhiwo sokupakisha kanye nokulayisha okuphezulu yizinto ezine ezakha inhlangano yokupakisha. Izinto zokupakisha ziyisisekelo sezinto zokupakisha, ziyisithwali sezinto zomsebenzi wokupakisha Ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha buyisihluthulelo sokufeza umsebenzi wokuvikela ukupakisha nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yangaphakathi. Imodeli yesakhiwo sokupakisha iyindlela ethile yezinto zokupakisha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokupakisha. Ukuhlobisa ukupakisha kuyinhlanganisela yezinto ezine ngokusebenzisa isithombe nokuhlobisa umbhalo, ukukhushulwa kanye nokwethulwa kwezindlela eziyinhloko zomkhiqizo, isidingo sokuklama okuphelele ukuqedela, ngale ndlela kuphela lapho kungakha khona izidingo zemakethe zenhlangano yokupakisha.
Okwesithathu, umsebenzi wokupakisha
Umsebenzi wokupakisha ubonakala kakhulu kulezi zici ezilandelayo
1. Vikela umkhiqizo
Ukuvikela umkhiqizo kungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokupakisha. Imikhiqizo enkambisweni yokujikeleza kwegazi, ingathinteka yizinto ezahlukahlukene zangaphandle, okuholela ekungcoleni komkhiqizo, ekulimaleni, ekuvuza noma ekuwohlokeni, ukuze imikhiqizo inciphise noma ilahlekelwe yinani lokusetshenziswa. Ukupakisha okungokwesayensi nokunengqondo kungenza umkhiqizo umelane nomonakalo wezinto ezahlukahlukene zangaphandle, ukuze kuvikelwe ukusebenza komkhiqizo futhi kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nobuningi bomkhiqizo.Okunjaloumshini wokugaya intuthu,ibhokisi likagwayi,ibhokisi elihlangene,ibhokisi likagwayi.
2. Lungiselela ukusakazwa komkhiqizo
Ukupakishwa kunikeza izimo eziyisisekelo kanye nokulula kokusakazwa kwemikhiqizo. Umkhiqizo upakishwa ngokwezincazelo ezithile, ukuma, ubuningi, usayizi kanye nezitsha ezahlukene, futhi ingaphandle lephakheji livame ukunyatheliswa ngezimpawu ezahlukahlukene, okubonisa izincazelo zegama lomkhiqizo opakishiwe, ubuningi, umbala kanye nesisindo sokupakisha sonke, isisindo esiphelele, ivolumu, igama lefektri, ikheli lefektri kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni, okuhambisana nokwabiwa kwemikhiqizo, ukubalwa nokubalwa. Kuhambisana nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwezindlela ezahlukene zokuthutha nokugcina, ukuthuthukisa ukulayisha nokulayisha, ukuthutha, ukusebenza kahle kokuqoqwa kanye nemiphumela yokugcina nokuthutha, kusheshiswe ukugeleza kwemikhiqizo, futhi kuthuthukise izinzuzo zomnotho zokusakazwa komkhiqizo.
3. Khuthaza futhi wandise ukuthengiswa komkhiqizo Ukupakisha komkhiqizo okuklanywe kahle kungadlala indima ekukhuthazeni imikhiqizo, ukwenza imikhiqizo ibe mihle futhi kukhuthaze ukuthengiswa. Ukupakisha akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwemakethe kwemikhiqizo, kodwa futhi kuheha amakhasimende ngobuhle bayo obusha nobuyingqayizivele bobuciko, ukuqondisa ukusetshenziswa, kube yinto ehamba phambili ekukhuthazeni ukuthengwa kwabathengi, kungumthengisi othule wemikhiqizo. Ukupakisha kwekhwalithi ephezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni amandla okuncintisana emikhiqizo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokukhuthaza intuthuko yokuhweba kwamanye amazwe.
4. Kulula ukuthi abathengi basebenzise
Ukupakisha kokuthengisa okunemikhiqizo ehlukene, izinhlobo ezahlukene, usayizi wephakheji ufanelekile, kulula kubathengi ukuwusebenzisa, ukuwugcina nokuphatha. Umdwebo, uphawu lokuhweba kanye nencazelo yombhalo ephaketheni kulula kubathengi ukuyibona, futhi kwethula uhlobo kanye nokwakheka komkhiqizo, izindlela zokusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokugcinwa, okudlala indima elula neqondisayo ekusetshenzisweni.
5. Yonga imali
Ukupakisha kuhlobene eduze nezindleko zokukhiqiza. Ukupakisha okunengqondo kungenza imikhiqizo ehlakazekile ihlanganiswe ngezindlela ezithile, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise kakhulu umthamo wokulayisha kanye nokuthuthwa okulula kokulayisha nokulayisha, kungonga izindleko zokuhamba, izindleko zokugcina kanye nezinye izindleko. Ezinye izitsha zokupakisha zingaphinde zisetshenziswe izikhathi eziningi, kusindise ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokupakisha nezitsha zokupakisha, okusiza ekunciphiseni izindleko kanye nokuthuthukisa izinzuzo zomnotho.
Ngamafuphi, imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokupakisha umkhiqizo kufanele ibe yile: umsebenzi wokuvikela, umsebenzi wokwenza kube lula, umsebenzi wokukhushulwa kanye nomsebenzi wokubonisa.
Okwesine, ukwakheka kwephakheji
Incazelo yokupakisha: Ukupakisha kubhekisela ekwakhekeni komkhiqizo ngemuva kokupakisha, okungukuthi, igama elijwayelekile lokupakisha nemikhiqizo. Ngokuvamile yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu: umkhiqizo, ukupakisha kwangaphakathi kanye nokupakisha kwangaphandle.
Izingxenye ezijwayelekile zokupakisha zifaka izingxenye ezingu-8, okungukuthi: izingxenye zokuvimbela, izingxenye eziqinile, izingxenye zokuphatha, izingxenye ze-buffer, izingxenye zokuvikela ubuso, izingxenye zokulwa nokubola, izingxenye zokuvala kanye nobuso bokubonisa. Ukupakisha okuvamile akusho ukuthi kuhlanganisa konke okungenhla.
Ezinhlanu, izidingo eziyisisekelo zokupakisha
Siza umgwaqo, isosi yokuhlobisa iminwe ethulile uthando lukamama
1. Ukuze kuhambisane nezici zomkhiqizo, ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kumele kusekelwe ezicini zomkhiqizo, kusetshenziswa izinto nobuchwepheshe obuhambisanayo, ukuze ukupakishwa kuhlangabezane ngokugcwele nezidingo zezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zomkhiqizo.
2. Zivumelanise nezimo zokujikeleza kwegazi
Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo kuyo yonke inqubo yokujikeleza, ukupakisha komkhiqizo kufanele kube namandla athile, ukuqina, ukuqina nezici ezihlala isikhathi eside. Ezindleleni ezahlukene zokuthutha kanye nezindlela zokuthutha, izitsha zokupakisha ezifanele kanye nokwelashwa kobuchwepheshe kufanele futhi kusetshenziswe ngokukhetha. Ngamafuphi, lonke ukupakisha kufanele livumelane nezimo zokugcina nezokuthutha kanye nezidingo zamandla emkhakheni wokujikeleza.
3, ukupakishwa kufanele kube okulungile futhi okulinganiselwe
Ekupakisheni okuthengiswayo, usayizi wesitsha sokupakisha kanye nomkhiqizo wangaphakathi kufanele kube ofanele, futhi izindleko zokupakisha kufanele zihambisane nezidingo zangempela zomkhiqizo wangaphakathi. Ukugcina isikhala esiningi kakhulu kanye nezindleko zokupakisha ezibangela ingxenye ephezulu kakhulu yenani eliphelele lomkhiqizo kuyingozi kubathengi.
Ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kumele kube okujwayelekile, futhi isisindo sokupakisha, imininingwane kanye nobukhulu, ukumodelwa kwesakhiwo, izinto zokupakisha, amagama asetshenziswayo, izimpawu zokuphrinta, izindlela zokupakisha, njll. zokupakisha komkhiqizo kufanele zihlanganiswe, futhi kancane kancane zakhe uchungechunge kanye nokuhlanganiswa ukuze 4. Ukupakishwa okujwayelekile kusiza ekukhiqizweni kwezitsha zokupakisha, kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kokupakisha, kwenziwe lula ukucaciswa kwezitsha zokupakisha, kuncishiswe izindleko, kongiwe izinto zokusetshenziswa, kube lula ukuhlonza nokulinganisa, futhi kusize ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi yokupakishwa komkhiqizo kanye nokuphepha komkhiqizo.
Izinzuzo, ukusetshenziswa okudukisayo "kokupakisha ngokweqile".
Izidingo zokuvikela okuluhlaza kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kokupakisha umkhiqizo zinezici ezimbili zencazelo: Okokuqala, ukukhethwa kwezitsha zokupakisha, izinto zokwakha, ubuchwepheshe 5. Ukupakisha umkhiqizo kufanele kube luhlaza kanti ukuvikelwa kwemvelo ngokwako kufanele kube kuphephile futhi kuhlanzeke kumkhiqizo nakumthengi. Okwesibili, amasu okupakisha kanye nezitsha zezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswayo ziphephile futhi ziluhlaza emvelweni. Ekukhetheni izinto zokupakisha kanye nokukhiqiza, kufanele silandele izimiso zentuthuko esimeme, ukonga amandla, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi, ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuvimbela ukungcola, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe okuqhubekayo, noma ukuwohloka okuphephile ngemva kokulahla.
6. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zokupakisha
1. Umqondo wobuchwepheshe bokupakisha Ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha umkhiqizo bubhekisela ezinyathelweni zobuchwepheshe ezithathwayo ukumelana nezici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezithinta ikhwalithi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulahleka kwezinguquko zobuningi nekhwalithi emkhakheni wokujikeleziswa komkhiqizo, okwaziwa nangokuthi izindlela zokuvikela ukupakisha umkhiqizo. 2. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe bokupakisha umkhiqizo.
Izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezithinta ushintsho lwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo zihlukaniswe zibe izici zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji nezinye. Ubuchwepheshe bokuvikela ukupakishwa komkhiqizo yizinyathelo ezithile zokuvimbela ezithathwayo ngenxa yezici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezingenhla ezithinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
7. Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokupakishwa
Njengoba isisho sithi: “Izimbali ezibomvu zinhle, kodwa futhi amaqabunga aluhlaza ayasekela.” Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokupakishwa, njengekhwalithi yemikhiqizo ye-safflower kanye namaqabunga aluhlaza kuyabusa, abantu abazimisele ukuthenga ukupakishwa ukuze bathenge imikhiqizo.
"Kodwa ukupakisha akufanele kunganakwa. Ukupakisha okuhle akugcini nje ngokuvikela umkhiqizo, kulula ukuwuthengisa nokuwuthwala, kuhlobise umkhiqizo ukuze kwandiswe inani, kuvuse isifiso sabathengi sokuwuthenga, kodwa futhi kudlala indima yomthengisi othule. Ukwakheka okuhle kohlelo lokupakisha akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa inani elengeziwe lemikhiqizo, kodwa futhi kuyindlela yobuciko. Uma ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo isezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ukupakisha kungalungile, kuzophinde kubangele ukuthengiswa okuhamba kancane, ngalesi sikhathi, ukupakisha komkhiqizo kuzokhuphuka kube yisici esiyinhloko. Isibonelo, iShayina yake yathumela amabhodlela amancane kabhiya waseQingdao e-United States, izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nenqubo kusezingeni eliphezulu, umbala wewayini ucacile, igwebu lihle futhi limsulwa, futhi umlomo uthambile futhi ubhiya wangaphandle ophuzwayo oyi-100 uma uqhathaniswa, awuphansi. Kodwa ikhwalithi yamabhodlela kabhiya waseTsingtao ijwayelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwaphuza ukuvula imakethe ebanzi. Amanye amaShayina aphesheya kwezilwandle e-US afuna iTsingtao inikezwe ingubo entsha enhle.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kokupakisha, ezinye izinkampani zisebenzisa ukupakisha ukuze zifihle ikhwalithi ephansi yemikhiqizo. Abaklami bokupakisha kumele bagweme kokubili ukweqisa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-28-2023