Amazwe amaningi anomthetho wokulawula ugwayi osungula inani elincaneibhokisi likagwayiezingafakwa ephaketheni elilodwa.
Emazweni amaningi alawule kulokhu ubuncane bukasayizi wephekhi likagwayi ngu-20, isb e-United States (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Sec. 1140.16) kanye namazwe angamalungu e-European Union (EU Tobacco Products Directive, 2014/40/EU) . Umyalelo we-EU ubeke inani elincane leibhokisi likagwayiiphakethe ngalinye ukuze kwenyuswe izindleko zangaphambili zikagwayi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubenze bangabizi kakhulu kubantu abasha 1. Ngokuphambene, kunesimiso esincane kakhulu somthetho mayelana nobukhulu bephakethe losayizi, obuhluka emhlabeni wonke phakathi kukagwayi oyi-10 no-50 iphakethe ngalinye. Amaphakethe angama-25 aqalwa e-Australia ngeminyaka yawo-1970s, futhi amaphakethe angama-30, 35, 40 kanye nama-50 angena kancane kancane emakethe phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili eyalandela kuya ku-23% ngo-2018 3. E-United Kingdom, amaphakethe angu-23 no-24 zethulwe kulandela ukwethulwa kokupakishwa okungenalutho (okujwayelekile). Ifunda kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, i-New Zealand yagunyaza amasayizi amabili wephakethe ajwayelekile (ama-20 kanye nama-25) njengengxenye yomthetho wayo wokupakisha okungajwayelekile 4.
Ukutholakala kosayizi bephakethe abakhulu kuno-20ibhokisi le ugwayiinentshisekelo ethile ngenxa yobufakazi obukhulayo bendima yosayizi wengxenye ekusetshenzisweni kweminye imikhiqizo.
Ukusetshenziswa kokudla kuyenyuka lapho abantu benikezwa amakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa namasayizi amancane, amasayizi wengxenye, ngokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwe-Cochrane ukuthola umphumela omncane kuya olinganiselwe wesayizi wengxenye ekudleni nasekuphuzweni kweziphuzo ezithambile 5. Ukubuyekezwa kuphinde kwahlola ubufakazi bomphumela wengxenye. usayizi ekusetshenzisweni kukagwayi. Izifundo ezintathu kuphela ezihlangabezane nenqubo yokufaka, zonke zigxile kuzoibhokisi le ugwayiubude, ngaphandle kocwaningo oluhlola umthelela ekusetshenzisweni kosayizi wephakethe likagwayi. Ukuntuleka kobufakazi bokuhlolwa kuyakhathaza, ngoba ukutholakala okwandayo kwamasayizi amaphakethe amakhulu kungase kubukele phansi ukuthuthukiswa kwezempilo yomphakathi okuzuzwa ngezinye izinqubomgomo zokulawula ugwayi.
Kuze kube manje, ukuphumelela kwezinqubomgomo zokulawula ugwayi emazweni amaningi kube ngenxa yokunciphisa ukumuncwa kwawo ngokungenelela okusekelwe emananini kunokugqugquzela ukuyeka, amazinga okuyeka ahlala engashintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi 6. Le nselele igcizelela isidingo sezinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza ukuyekwa. Ukunciphisa inani likagwayi ngosuku ababhemayo abalisebenzisayo kungase kube isandulela esibalulekile semizamo yokuyeka ugwayi, futhi nakuba ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo kuyisu elisebenza kahle kakhulu, ezinye izinqubomgomo zokulawula ugwayi nazo zibe zibalulekile ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kogwayi 7. Izitayela zokubhema zibonise ukuthi ababhemayo bangakwazi futhi baye baqala futhi bagcina ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi. Isibonelo, eminyakeni lapho izinqubomgomo zokungabhemi ziya ngokuya zamukelwa ezindaweni zokusebenza, ababhemayo babesemathubeni amaningi okuthi bayeke ukubhema ezindaweni zokusebenza ezingenantuthu uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezivumela ukubhema 8. Izibalo ezibikiwe zababhemiyoibhokisi le ugwayiukubhema ngosuku nakho kwehlile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi e-Australia, e-United Kingdom nakwamanye amazwe amaningi (2002–07) 9.
ENgilandi, iziqondiso zeNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (izincomo zikazwelonke ezisekelwe ebufakazini bokunakekelwa kwezempilo) zikhuthaza ababhemayo ukuba banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngesisekelo sokuthi kungenzeka andise amathuba okuyeka. Kodwa-ke, kunokukhathazeka okuthile ngokuthi ukukhuthaza ukunciphisa kungase kubukele phansi ukuyeka kanye nokumelana nokubuyela ekubhemeni. ukuhlolwa kwathola ukuthi ukunciphisa ukuze uyeke ukubhema akuphumelelanga kunokuyeka ukubhema kungazelelwe 12; kodwa-ke, abalobi basikisela ukuthi iseluleko sokunciphisa ukubhema singase sibe nenzuzo uma kwandisa ukubandakanya nomqondo wokuthola ukwesekwa. Ukuguqulwa kwemvelo okufana ne-cappingibhokisi le ugwayiusayizi wephakethe unamandla okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokwazi. Ngakho-ke inikeza ithuba lokuletha izinzuzo zokusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe ngaphandle kokuba obhemayo abe nezinkolelo zokuzikhulula mayelana nokulimala okuncishisiwe ngokunciphisa kuphela. Impumelelo ibonisiwe kusukela kuzinqubomgomo kuya kusayizi omkhulu, kanye nenombolo evunyelwe endalini eyodwa, yeminye imikhiqizo eyingozi. Isibonelo, ukwehlisa inani lamaphilisi e-analgesic pack ngayinye kube yinzuzo ekuvimbeleni ukufa ngokuzibulala 13.
Lesi sihloko sihlose ukwakhela phezu kwesibuyekezo 5 sakamuva se-Cochrane lapho kungekho zifundo zokuhlola ezitholakele zomthelela wosayizi wephakethe likagwayi ekusetshenzisweni kukagwayi.
Uma bungekho ubufakazi obuqondile, sihlonze ukuhlukahluka okukhona kokutholakala kweibhokisi le ugwayi osayizi futhi bahlanganisa izincwadi ezihambisana nokuqagela okubili okubalulekile kosayizi wephakethe le-capping:
(i) ukunciphisa usayizi wephakethe kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa; futhi (ii) ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kungakhuphula ukumiswa. Ukuntuleka kwezifundo zokuhlola ukusekela lokhu kucabangela akuvimbeli usongo olukhula ngokuba lukhuluibhokisi le ugwayiosayizi bephakethe (> 20) bangase baphumele empumelelweni yezinye izinqubomgomo zokulawula ugwayi. Siphikisa ngokuthi ukugxila kokulawula mayelana nobuncane bosayizi wephakethe, ngaphandle kokucabangela okufanele ukuthi kube nobukhulu obuyisibopho bosayizi wephakethe, empeleni kudale igebe imboni kagwayi engalisebenzisa. Ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obungaqondile siphakamisa umbono wokuthi umthetho kahulumeni wokuvala amaphakethe kagwayi kugwayi ongu-20 kungaba nomthelela emigomeni kazwelonke neyomhlaba wonke yokulawula ugwayi ukuze kwehliswe izinga lokubhema.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-25-2024