Amazwe amaningi anemithetho yokulawula kagwayi esungula inani eliphansi leibhokisi likagwayilokho kungafakwa kwiphakethe elilodwa.
Emazweni amaningi alawule kulokhu usayizi wephakethe likagwayi amancane, isib. Umqondisi we-EU ubeke inani elincane leibhokisi likagwayiIphakethe ngalinye ukukhulisa izindleko eziphambili zikagwayi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubenze zingabizi kakhulu kubantu abasha 1 Amaphakethe angama-25 angeniswa e-Australia phakathi nawo-1970s, namaphakethe angama-30, 35, 40 kwaqhamuka emakethe ngamashumi amabili nambili ngonyaka ka-2 kuya ku-23. Ukufunda kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, iNew Zealand egunyazwe ngosayizi ababili abajwayelekile be-pack (20 no-25) njengengxenye yomthetho wayo wokupakisha okusobala 4.
Ukutholakala kwamasayizi wokupakisha amakhulu kune-20ibhokisi le ugwayiInzalo ethile ngenxa yobufakazi obukhulayo beqhaza lengxenye yosayizi wengxenye ukusetshenziswa kweminye imikhiqizo.
Ukusetshenziswa kokudla kukhuphuka lapho abantu benikezwa okukhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi abancane, behlukene, ngokubuyekezwa okuhleliwe, ngokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile okutholwa okulinganiselwe kokudla kwengxenye kokudla kanye nokudla okuthe xaxa 5. Izifundo ezintathu kuphela ezihlangabezana nezindlela zokufaka, zonke zigxile kuzoibhokisi le ugwayiUbude, ngaphandle kwezifundo ezihlola umthelela ekusetshenzisweni ngosayizi wephakethe likagwayi. Isithandwa sobufakazi bokuhlola ukukhathazeka, ngoba ukutholakala kwandayo kwamasayizi amakhulu wephakethe kungahlehlisa ukuthuthuka kwezempilo yomphakathi okutholakale ngezinye izinqubomgomo zokulawula ugwayi.
Kuze kube manje, impumelelo yezinqubomgomo zokulawula ugwayi emazweni amaningi iye yaba khona ngenxa yokunciphisa ukungenelela ngokungenelela okusekelwe kumanani kunokuba ithuthukise ukuqunjelwa, le nselelo igcizelela isidingo sezinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza ukuyeka. Ukunciphisa inani likagwayi ngosuku ukuthi ababhemayo badla kungaba yisandulelo esibalulekile emizamweni yokukhokhiswa ephumelelayo, futhi ngenkathi ukwanda kwentengo kungenzeka kube yicebo elisebenzayo 7 Isibonelo, eminyakeni lapho izinqubomgomo ezingabhemi ziye zamukelwa ezindaweni zomsebenzi, ababhemayo kungenzeka ukuthi bayeke ukubhema ezindaweni ezisebenza ngentuthu yokubhema uma ziqhathaniswa nokubhema okungu-8. Kubikwe izinombolo zeibhokisi le ugwayiUkubhema ngosuku sekunciphile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi e-Australia, e-United Kingdom namanye amazwe amaningi (2002-07) 9.
ENgilandi, iNational Institute for Health and Care) Imihlahlandlela (izincomo zikazwelonke zokunakekelwa kwempilo) Khuthaza ababhemayo ukuthi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwecala lokuthi kungenzeka bandise amathuba okuncipha kwesisekelo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona okukhathazayo ukuthi ukukhuthaza ukunciphisa kungahlehlisa ukuncipha kanye nokumelana nokuphinda kuthambekele ku-10. Ukubuyekezwa okuhleliwe kokubhema kokubhema okuhlose ukuyeka ukubhema kuhloswe ukuthi ukubhema bekungazelelwe kunokuyeka ukubhema kunesimo esisheshayo kunokuyeka ukubhema nge-12; Kodwa-ke, ababhali baphakamise leso seluleko sokunciphisa ukubhema kungenzeka ukuthi kufanelekile uma kukhulisa ukuzibandakanya nomqondo wokuthola ukwesekwa. Ukuguqulwa kwemvelo okufana nokukhonkothaibhokisi le ugwayiUsayizi wePack unamandla okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuqwashisa. Ngakho-ke kuveza ithuba lokuletha izinzuzo zokusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe ngaphandle kokubanjwa ukuthuthumela izinkolelo zokuzikhulula ngokuncishiswa ngokodwa. Impumelelo ikhonjiswe ezinqubweni zokufaka usayizi omkhulu, nenombolo evunyelwe ekuthengisweni okukodwa, eminye imikhiqizo eyingozi. Isibonelo, ukunciphisa inani lamaphilisi we-analgesic iphakethe ngalinye kuye kwaba yinzuzo ekuvinjelweni kokufa ngokuzibulala 13.
Lo mbhalo uhlose ukwakha ku-COCHrane Review 5 Okwamanje azikho izifundo zokuhlola ezitholwe ngomthelela wosayizi wephakethe likagwayi ku-tobacco.
Uma kungekho ubufakazi obuqondile, sikhombe ukuhlukahluka okukhona ekutholakaleni kweibhokisi le ugwayi osayizi futhi bahlanganisa izincwadi eziphathelene nokucatshangelwa okuyisisekelo okubili ngosayizi wephakethe wephakethe:
(i) ukunciphisa usayizi wephakethe kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa; kanye (ii) nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kungangezelela ukuncipha. Isithandwa sezifundo zokuhlola ukuxhasa lezi zinto azinqamusi usongo olukhula lukhuluibhokisi le ugwayiAmapakethe osayizi (> 20) angahle aphumelele kwezinye izinqubomgomo zokulawula ugwayi. Siphikisana nokuthi ukugxila okulawulayo maqondana nobuncane bephakethe, ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa okufanele ngabe kufanele kube nosayizi omkhulu wephakethe omkhulu, empeleni wadala i-loophole embonini kagwayi ongayixhaphaza. Kususelwa ebufakazini obungaqondile siphakamisa i-hypothesis ukulawulwa yi-CAP kaHulumeni amaphakethe kagwayi kuya kugwayi ongu-20 kuzoba nomthelela ezinhlisweni zokulawulwa kwezwe lonke kanye nezomhlaba wonke ukuze unciphise ukubhema.
Isikhathi Seposi: Jul-25-2024