Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Ukuvela okuphelele kusukela emasikweni kagwayi asendulo kuya kugwayi wanamuhla ogoqiwe

Ugwayi osongwe ngephepha ojwayelekile kubantu banamuhla awuzange ubekhona kusukela ekuqaleni. Kunalokho, wavela kancane kancane ngemva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane yamasiko okusetshenziswa kukagwayi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, izinguquko zezimboni, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kuqale eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, "ugwayi wesimanje" wangempela wadalwa kuphela ngemva kokusungulwa kwemishini yokwenza ugwayi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Lesi sihloko silandelela imvelaphi kagwayi, sihlola ngokuhlelekile ukuvela okuphelele kukagwayi kusukela ezintweni zamasiko zasendulo kuya ezintweni zezimboni.

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Impendulo Esheshayo: Kwasungulwa nini ngempela ugwayi?

Uma sichaza “ugwayi wesimanje” njengemikhiqizo kagwayi eyenziwe ngomshini, esongwe ngephepha, ebumbeke ngendlela efanayo, eqinile ngokwesakhiwo, futhi ngokuvamile efakwe izihlungi, usuku lokuzalwa kwawo lunesikhathi esiqondile: Ngo-1880, umsunguli waseMelika uJames A. Bonsack waphumelela ukuthuthukisa umshini wokuqala wokwenza ugwayi osebenzayo, okwenza kwaba nomkhiqizo wokuqala omkhulu wezimboni kagwayi.

Nokho, uma sibheka emuva emlandweni, ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi wabantu kwaqala ngaphambi kukagwayi wesimanje, kuguqukela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ezihlanganisa amasiko enkolo, amapayipi, ugwayi, kanye ne-snuff. Ngakho-ke, “Ugwayi wasungulwa nini?” uhlelwe ngokunembile njengombuzo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo onezigaba eziningi.

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Yini ngempela abantu ababeyibhema ngaphambi kokubhema ugwayi?

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ugwayi, ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi ngabantu kwase kuhluke kakhulu. AmaNdiya aseMelika ayengabasebenzisi bokuqala abaziwayo, ephefumula futhi ehlafuna amaqabunga kagwayi emikhosini yenkolo, ezimweni zokwelapha, nasemibuthanweni yokuzijabulisa—imikhuba eyaqala ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, ugwayi wawuhlonishwa njengesitshalo esingcwele, okwakukholelwa ukuthi usiza ukuxhumana nemimoya noma welaphe izifo.

Ngemva kweNkathi Yokutholakala Ngekhulu le-16, amakoloni aseYurophu aletha ugwayi emuva eYurophu, okwabangela ukusabalala okusheshayo kwezindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa njengamapayipi, isinemfu, kanye nogwayi. “Ukubhema” ngaleso sikhathi kwakufana kakhulu “nokubhema ugwayi ngepayipi,” kuyilapho ugwayi ogoqwe ngephepha wawungekho nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, uma umuntu ebuza, “Ingabe abantu eYurophu yasendulo babebhema?” impendulo ithi: cishe akunjalo, njengoba ugwayi wawungakafiki eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, isinemfu, amapayipi, kanye nogwayi kwaba yizinhlobo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kukagwayi, kuyilapho uhlobo oluyisisekelo lukagwayi nalo lwaqala ukuvela phakathi nalesi sikhathi.

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Imvelaphi Yogwayi: Kusukela Emaphepheni Amasosha Kuya “Kugwayi” Wangempela

Ugwayi wokuqala ogoqwe ngephepha waqala eSpain naseFrance. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, amasosha aseSpain ayevame ukugoqa izingcezu zikagwayi ezisele ephepheni eliqoshiwe noma ephepheni elincane. Lawa ma-paper roll alula abhekwa njengalawo aqala ukubhema. Amasosha aseFrance alandela ngokushesha, futhi igama elithi “ugwayi” lathandwa kakhulu ngesikhathi seMpi YaseCrimea.

Kulesi sigaba, ugwayi wahlala wenziwe ngezandla, ikhwalithi yawo ingashintshashintshi, umkhiqizo wawo ulinganiselwe, futhi kunzima ukuwuthanda. Bambalwa kuphela ababhema lo “gwayi wabantu abampofu,” kuyilapho ugwayi namapayipi kusalokhu kuyizinto ezivamile kubantu abaphezulu kanye nesigaba esiphakathi.

Ngakho-ke, nakuba singenakusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi “ubani owabhema ugwayi wokuqala,” kusobala ukuthi ugwayi wokuqala osongwe ngephepha cishe wawuvela emasikweni kagwayi aseSpain ayenziwa ngezandla futhi wasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngamasosha.

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Ugwayi wesimanje wavela ngempela ngo-1880: Umshini kagwayi washintsha konke

Isenzakalo esibalulekile esashintsha ikusasa likagwayi senzeka ngo-1880. Ukusungulwa kukaJames Bonsack komshini kagwayi kwakungakhiqiza amakhulu kagwayi ngomzuzu, kanti ama-roller asetshenziswa ngesandla ayengaphatha amakhulu ambalwa kuphela ngosuku okungenani. Lo mehluko omkhulu emandleni okukhiqiza washintsha ngokushesha ugwayi waba yimpahla engabizi, efinyeleleka kalula efanelekile ukuthengiswa kwezimboni.

Umndeni wakwaDuke waseMelika wabambisana ngokushesha neBonsac, basungula izimboni ezinkulu zikagwayi ezanqoba imakethe yase-US ngokushesha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngemva kwalokho, izinhlobo zikagwayi zanda njengamakhowe ngemva kwemvula, zaguqula ugwayi waba umkhiqizo wabathengi abaningi emakethe.

Kwakungemva kuka-1880 kuphela lapho ugwayi wangena khona ngempela “enkathini yesimanje.”

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Ukuthuthuka Okuqhubekayo Kogwayi: Izihlungi, i-Menthol, Ugwayi Okhanyayo, kanye ne-E-Cigarettes

Iqhutshwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi, imikhiqizo kagwayi yathuthukiswa njalo. Ugwayi onama-filtering waqala ukubonakala ngawo-1920 futhi wathandwa ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Imikhiqizo yakhuthaza ubuchwepheshe bokuhlunga njengobunempilo futhi “buhlanzekile,” yize lezi zimangalo kamuva zabonakala zingasekelwe ngokwesayensi.

Emashumini eminyaka alandela kwabonakala ukwethulwa kogwayi be-menthol, ugwayi olula, kanye nogwayi omude kakhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezintandokazi zabathengi ezahlukahlukene. Ukungena ekhulwini lama-21, ugwayi we-e-cigarettes kanye nemikhiqizo kagwayi engashisi ukushisa kwavela njengesizukulwane esisha sezinye izindlela, okwenza umkhuba "wokubhema" ube yindlela entsha yobuchwepheshe.

Ingabe wonke umuntu wayebhema esikhathini esidlule? Isiko lokubhema lahlukahluka kakhulu kuzo zonke izikhathi.

Abantu bavame ukubuza: “Ingabe wonke umuntu wayebhema ngawo-1920?” noma “Ingabe ukubhema kwakuvame kakhulu ngawo-1940?”

Iqiniso liwukuthi amazinga okubhema ayephezulu ngempela phakathi nalezi zikhathi, ikakhulukazi eYurophu nase-United States. Izinkanyezi zaseHollywood, izikhangiso zemfashini, kanye nokudla kwezempi konke kwakhuthaza kakhulu isiko lokubhema. Kodwa-ke, umqondo wokuthi “wonke umuntu ubhema” uyihaba—amazinga okubhema abantu abadala emazweni amaningi ayecishe abe ngu-40%, hhayi u-100%.

Ukubhema kwabesifazane ngesikhathi sikaVictoria kwakuke kwabhekwa njengokungafanele, kwaba yinto evamile kuphela ngekhulu lama-20. Abantu abadumile njengasebukhosini baseBrithani nabo babhalwa njengababhemayo, kanti abanye basalokhu beyizinto ezifunwa umphakathi kuze kube namuhla.

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, amazinga okubhema ngokuvamile ehlile, yize amanye amazwe kanye nezibalo zabantu abasha zibonisa umkhuba "wokuvuka kabusha" ohlobene nokucindezeleka kwengqondo, isiko lezokuxhumana, ukumaketha ngogwayi kagesi, kanye nezitayela zemfashini.

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Kusukela "ku-Health Supplement" kuya eNkingeni Yezempilo: Ukuvela Kokuqwashisa Ngengozi Kagwayi kanye Nokulawulwa Kwayo

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ugwayi wawukhangiswa ngisho “njengowusizo empilweni,” kanti eminye imikhiqizo ithi “yelapha umphimbo obuhlungu.” Kwaze kwaba ngawo-1950, lapho ucwaningo lwesayensi lwaqala khona ukusungula ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kukagwayi nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, lapho umhlaba waqala ukuhlola kabusha izingozi zokubhema. Ngemva kweminyaka yawo-1960, amazwe aqhubeka nokusebenzisa imithetho eqinile, okuhlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kokukhangisa ngogwayi, izixwayiso zezempilo eziphoqelekile ekupakisheni, ukwenyuka kwentela kagwayi, kanye nemikhawulo yokubhema ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Isibonelo, ukuvinjelwa okubanzi kwe-UK ngo-2007 kokubhema ugwayi ngaphakathi emabhawa kwaphawula ushintsho olubalulekile ohambweni lwaseYurophu oluya ezindaweni zomphakathi ezingenayo intuthu.

Njengoba imithetho iqhubeka, ukupakishwa kukagwayi kwashintsha kakhulu—kwashintsha kusuka ekugcizelelweni kwesithombe somkhiqizo kwaba yizixwayiso zezempilo, kwaze kwasetshenziswa ngisho nokupakishwa okujwayelekile kwamanye amazwe.

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Ukuvela Kokupakishwa Kwegwayi: Kusukela Kuma-Paper Wraps Alula Kuya Enkathini Entsha Yamabhokisi Azinzile

Ugwayi bakuqala babevame ukupakishwa ezingxotsheni ezilula zephepha noma emathinini ensimbi, bekhonza izinjongo eziyisisekelo zokusebenza. Ngokukhula kogwayi abathuthukile, izinkampani zaqala ukusebenzisa ukupakishwa kwamaphepha okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze zithole ukubonwa okubonakalayo. Amabhokisi amancane, aqinile ayevikela ugwayi ngenkathi enza kube lula ukuwuthwala, kanti imiklamo yawo ephrintiwe yaba yimpahla ebalulekile emncintiswaneni womkhiqizo.

Kamuva, imithetho yezempilo emhlabeni wonke yayala ukuba kube nezixwayiso ezinkulu ezinemifanekiso kanye nemibhalo ebhalwe emaphaketheni, okuqhuba ukwenziwa kwezilinganiso kanye nokufana komklamo kagwayi.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imithethonqubo yezemvelo kwamanye amazwe iye yadinga ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki okuncishisiwe, okwenza imboni kagwayi yamukele izinto zephepha ezingaphinde zisetshenziswe kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezinobungani nemvelo. Njengomkhiqizi wobungcweti wokupakisha amaphepha, i-Fuliter ivumelana nalesi simo ngokuhlinzeka ngezixazululo zamabhokisi ephepha ezisimeme, ezisezingeni eliphezulu, nezingenziwa ngezifiso zokudla, ugwayi, kanye nezimboni ezahlukahlukene ze-FMCG.

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Izindaba Zomlando: Amarekhodi Ayinqaba kanye Nezindaba Eziyiqiniso/Ezingamanga Mayelana Nogwayi

Umlando ugcwele izindaba ezimangalisayo ngogwayi, njengomlando othi “ubani obhema ugwayi abangu-800 ngesikhathi esisodwa?”—iningi lawo linezinto zemidlalo yaseshashalazini noma ezigqamile. Izindaba ezifana nokuthi “umbhemi omdala kunabo bonke emhlabeni” zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukudukisa umphakathi—eqinisweni, ukuba khona kwabambalwa ababhemayo isikhathi eside akushintshi ukuvumelana kwesayensi kokuthi ukubhema kunezingozi ezinkulu zempilo.

Nakuba zintula izimfanelo zesayensi, izindaba ezinjalo zibonisa isikhundla esiyingqayizivele samasiko kagwayi futhi zembula ilukuluku lomphakathi elihlala njalo kanye nempikiswano ephathelene nomkhiqizo.

Ama-Cigarette Asungulwa Nini?Isifinyezo: Ukuguquka Okuphelele Kogwayi—Kusukela Ezintweni Zamasiko Zasendulo Kuya Ezintweni Zanamuhla Eziphikisanayo

Ukubukeza umlando wogwayi kwembula ukuthi awukaze ube umkhiqizo ongashintshi. Kunalokho, uye wathuthuka ngokuqhubekayo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamasiko, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, izimpi, ukukhangisa, kanye nentuthuko yesayensi. Kusukela ezitshalweni ezingcwele eMelika yasendulo kuya kogwayi abasongwa ngesandla bamasosha bekhulu le-19, inguquko yezimboni eyalethwa umshini wogwayi iBonsack, kanye nentuthuko elandelayo yamathiphu okuhlunga, ugwayi olukhanyayo, ugwayi we-menthol, kanye nogwayi we-e-cigarettes wanamuhla, izindlela zabantu zokusebenzisa ugwayi ziye zashintsha njalo.

Ukuqonda umlando kagwayi akugcini nje ngokukhanyisa umthelela wawo wamasiko womhlaba wonke kodwa futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka okubalulekile kwezingozi zempilo kanye nemithethonqubo. Embonini yokupakisha yanamuhla, ukupakisha ngokwako sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yomkhakha kagwayi—kusukela ekukhetheni izinto kanye nomklamo wokunyathelisa kuya ezixwayisweni zezempilo kanye nezinhlelo zokuzinza.

Uma udinga ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokupakisha amaphepha okusimeme, amabhokisi okudla enziwe ngokwezifiso, noma imikhiqizo ehlobene, hlola ikhathalogi yomkhiqizo kaFuliter. Sinikeza izixazululo zokupakisha ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezihambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke.

Amathegi: #ibhokisi lokupakisha elenziwe ngokwezifiso #ibhokisi lephakheji #ibhokisi lokupakisha elihle kakhulu