Ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kusaqhubeka kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yezifo ezingagwemeka nokufa eCanada. Ngo-2017, bangaphezu kuka-47,000 abashonile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kukagwayi eCanada, okulinganiselwa ku-$6.1 billion ezindlekweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nezindleko eziphelele zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.3. we-Canada Tobacco Strategy, ehlose ukufeza umgomo wokusetshenziswa kukagwayi ongaphansi kuka-5% ngo-2035.
Ukupakishwa okungenalutho kuye kwamukelwa inani elikhulayo lamazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Kusukela ngoJulayi 2020, plainCanadaukupakishwa kukagwayiisetshenziswe ngokugcwele kuzo zombili izinga lomkhiqizi kanye nezitolo emazweni ayi-14: e-Australia(2012); I-France ne-United Kingdom (2017); I-New Zealand, i-Norway, ne-Ireland (2018); I-Uruguay, neThailand (2019); I-Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, kanye ne-Slovenia (Januwari 2020); I-Canada (Februwari 2020); kanye ne-Singapore (Julayi 2020). NgoJanuwari 2022, i-Belgium, Hungary, ne-Netherlands azobe esekusebenzise ngokugcwele ukupakishwa okungenalutho.
Lo mbiko ufingqa ubufakazi obuvela kuPhrojekthi Yokuhlola Inqubomgomo Yokulawulwa Kogwayi Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-ITC) ngokusebenza ngempumelelo kokupakishwa okungenalutho e-Canada. Kusukela ngo-2002, i-ITC Project yenze izinhlolovo zeqembu lesikhathi eside emazweni angu-29 ukuhlola umthelela wezinqubomgomo ezibalulekile zokulawula ugwayi ze-World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Lo mbiko wethula okutholakele kumthelela wokupakisha okungajwayelekile e-Canada ngokusekelwe kudatha eqoqwe kubantu abadala ababhemayo ngaphambi kuka-(2018) nangemuva kuka-(2020) kokwethulwa kwe-plain.Canadaukupakishwa kukagwayi. Idatha evela e-Canada iphinde yethulwe ngokomongo ngedatha esuka kwamanye amazwe e-ITC Project angafika kwangu-25 - okuhlanganisa i-Australia, i-England, i-France, ne-New Zealand, lapho ukupakishwa okungenalutho kuphinde kwasetshenziswa.
Ukupakishwa okungenalutho kwehlise kakhulu ukukhanga kwephekhi - 45% yababhemayo abayithandanga indlela iphakethe labo likagwayi elibukeka ngayoCanada ukupakishwa kukagwayiyethulwa, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-29% ngaphambi komthetho Unlik Lo mbiko ulungiswe yi-ITC Project eNyuvesi yaseWaterloo: uJanet Chung-Hall, uPete Driezen, u-Eunice Ofeibea Indome, uGang Meng, uLorraine Craig, noGeoffrey T. Fong. Siyakwamukela ukuphawula kukaCynthia Callard, Odokotela baseCanada abangabhemi; uRob Cunningham, i-Canadian Cancer Society; kanye noFrancis Thompson, HealthBridge mayelana nezinhlaka zalo mbiko. Idizayini yezithombe nesakhiwo kwanikezwa ngu-Sonya Lyon we-Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Sibonga u-Brigitte Meloche ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuhumusha ngesi-French; kanye nakuNadia Martin, Iphrojekthi ye-ITC yokubuyekezwa nokuhlela kokuhumusha kwesi-French. Uxhaso lwalo mbiko lunikezwe Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa kanye Nemilutha yase-Health Canada (SUAP) #2021-HQ-000058. Imibono evezwe lapha ayimeleli imibono ye-Health Canada.
I-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey yasekelwa izibonelelo ezivela ku-US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), i-Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), kanye ne-National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP 1106451). Ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kunikezwa u-Geoffrey T. Fong nguMxhaso Womphenyi Omkhulu ovela ku-Ontario Institute for Cancer Research.
Isiphathimandla esilawulayo sokupakishwa okunganalutho kukagwayi (okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukupakishwa okujwayelekile) sihlinzekwa ngaphansi kweTobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA)4, enezichibiyelo ezamukelwa ngomhla ka-23 Meyi 2018 njengohlaka olusemthethweni lokunciphisa umthwalo obalulekile wokufa okuhlobene nogwayi. kanye nesifo eCanada. I-PlainCanadaukupakishwa kukagwayiihlose ukwehlisa ukukhanga kwemikhiqizo kagwayi futhi yethulwa ngaphansi Kwemithethonqubo Yemikhiqizo Kagwayi yangowezi-2019 (Ukubukeka Okusobala Nokujwayelekile)5 njengenye yezinqubomgomo ezibanzi zokusiza ukufinyelela umgomo wokusetshenziswa kukagwayi ongaphansi kuka-5% ngo-2035 ngaphansi Kwesu Logwayi laseCanada. .
Imithethonqubo iyasebenza ekupakishweni kwayo yonke imikhiqizo kagwayi, okuhlanganisa nogwayi okhiqiziwe, gingqa eyakho imikhiqizo (ugwayi oxegayo, amashubhu namaphepha okugoqwa ahloselwe ukusetshenziswa nogwayi), ogwayi nezigayi ezincane, ugwayi wamapayipi, ugwayi ongenantuthu, nemikhiqizo kagwayi eshisayo.E -imikhiqizo kagwayi/i-vaping ayihlanganiswa ngaphansi kwale mithetho, ngoba ayihlukaniswa njengemikhiqizo kagwayi ngaphansi kwe-TVPA.
4 Ukupakishwa okungenalutho kukagwayi, ogwayi abancane, imikhiqizo kagwayi ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa namadivayisi, kanye nayo yonke eminye imikhiqizo kagwayi iqale ukusebenza ezingeni lomkhiqizi/umthengi ongenayo ngoNovemba 9, 2019, ngesikhathi soshintsho sezinsuku ezingama-90 ukuze abathengisi bakagwayi bathobele Februwari 7, 2020. Ukupakishwa okungenalutho kogwayi kuqale ukusebenza ezingeni lomkhiqizi/umthengisi ongenayo ngoNovemba 9, 2020, nenkathi yenguquko yezinsuku eziyi-180 ukuze abathengisi bakagwayi bathobele ngoMeyi 8, 2021.5, 8
Canada ukupakishwa kukagwayiimithethonqubo kubhekiselwe kuyo njengebanzi kakhulu emhlabeni, ibeka inani lezibonelo zomhlaba (bona Ibhokisi 1). Wonke amaphakheji omkhiqizo kagwayi kufanele abe nombala omisiwe onsundu, ongenazo izici ezihlukile nezikhangayo, kanye nokuvezwa kombhalo ovunyelwe endaweni, ifonti, umbala, nosayizi ojwayelekile.Izinti zikagwayi azikwazi ukweqa izilinganiso zobubanzi nobude obubekiwe; ube nanoma yikuphi ukumaketha; futhi isiphetho sesinqe sesihlungi kufanele sibe sicaba futhi asikwazi ukuba nezinsika.Canada ukupakishwa kukagwayiizokwenziwa ifane ibe ifomethi yesilayidi negobolondo ezingeni lomkhiqizi/ongenisa ngaphandle kusukela ngomhla ka-9 Novemba 2021 (abathengisi banesikhathi kufika ngomhla ka-7 Febhruwari 2022 ukuthi bathobele), ngaleyo ndlela bavimbele amaphekhi ane-flip top open. Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa iphakethe lesilayidi negobolondo elingenaluthoCanada ukupakishwa kukagwayi lapho umlayezo wolwazi lwezempilo uvezwa ngemuva kwephakheji yangaphakathi lapho iphakethe livulwa. I-Canada iyizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukudinga ukupakishwa kwamaslayidi namagobolondo FUTHI yaba ngeyokuqala ukudinga imiyalezo yezempilo yangaphakathi.
Canadaukupakishwa kukagwayiimithethonqubo iqine kakhulu emhlabeni futhi eyokuqala:
• Vimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezichazi zemibala kuwo wonke amabhrendi namagama ahlukile
• Idinga ifomethi yokupakisha yesilayidi namagobolondo kagwayi
• Dinga umbala onsundu ngokungaphezi ngaphakathi kwephakeji
• Vimbela ugwayi ubude obungaphezu kuka-85mm
• Vimbela osikilidi abancane abangaphansi kuka-7.65mm ububanzi
Izibonelo zomhlaba wonke ezibekwe yimithetho yokupakisha engenalutho yaseCanada
I-Canada ayizange isebenzise izexwayiso zezempilo ezintsha nezikhudlwana (ama-PHW) kumaphakethe kagwayi ngokuhambisana nemithetho yokupakisha engenalutho, njengoba kudingwa ngamanye amazwe ahlanganisa i-Australia, i-United Kingdom, i-France, ne-New Zealand. Nokho,Iphakethe likagwayi laseCanadaizexwayiso (u-75% wangaphambili nangemuva) zizoba ngezikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni mayelana nendawo ephelele lapho isilayidi esiyisibopho nefomethi yegobolondo kuqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba 2021. I-Health Canada iphothula izinhlelo zokuqalisa amasethi ambalwa ezixwayiso zezempilo ezintsha. emikhiqizweni kagwayi okuzodingeka ukuthi ijikelezise ngemva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe.9 Umfanekiso wesi-2 uveza umugqa wesikhathi wokupakishwa okusobala eCanada maqondana ne-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping. Inhlolovo, ehlinzeka ngedatha yalo mbiko.
Lo mbiko wethula idatha evela ku-ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ngaphambi nangemuva kokupakishwa okungenalutho kwasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ezingeni lezitolo ngoFebhuwari 7, 2020. Ucwaningo lwe-ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping, oluyingxenye yocwaningo olukhulu lwe-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping, nayo eyenziwa ngokuhambisana nezinhlolovo zeqembu e-United States, e-Australia, naseNgilandi, inhlolovo yeqembu eyenziwa phakathi kwabantu abadala ababhemayo kanye ama-vapers aqashwe kumaphaneli ewebhu kazwelonke ezweni ngalinye. Inhlolovo ye-inthanethi yemizuzu engama-45 ihlanganise imibuzo ebihambisana nokuhlolwa kokupakishwa okungenalutho, okusetshenziswe yi-ITC Project ukuhlola ukupakishwa okungenalutho e-Australia, e-England, eNew Zealand nase-France. Ucwaningo lwe-ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping lwenziwa phakathi kwesampula elimele izwe lonke labantu abadala ababhemayo abangu-4600 abaphothule izinhlolovo ngo-2018 (ngaphambi kokupakishwa nje), 2020 (ngemuva kokupakishwa okungenalutho), noma kuyo yomibili iminyaka.Idatha yobude evela e-Canada iqhathaniswa nedatha evela kokubili amanye amazwe e-ITC (i-Australia kanye ne-United States) lapho izinhlolovo ezifanayo zenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ezihluka ngesimo sabo. imithetho yokupakishwa kukagwayi kanye nezimfuneko zezinguquko kuma-PHWs (bona Ithebula 1).i Izimpawu zabaphendula kunhlolovo e-Canada, Australia, nase-United States zifingqiwe kuThebula 2. Umbiko uphinda wethule ukuqhathaniswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwedatha yomphumela womthelela wenqubomgomo okhethiwe. izinyathelo eCanada nakwamanye amazwe e-ITC angama-25.ii
Imininingwane egcwele ngamasampula nezindlela zocwaningo ezweni ngalinye yethulwa ku-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.
imibiko yobuchwepheshe, etholakala ku-:https://itcproject.org/methods/
I-ITC Project ike yashicilela imibiko emayelana nomthelela wokupakishwa okungenalutho eNew Zealand18 nase-England19. Amaphepha esayensi esikhathi esizayo e-ITC azokwethula ukuhlaziya okubanzi komthelela wokupakishwa okusobala eCanada nakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuqhathaniswa komthelela wenqubomgomo kulo lonke iqoqo eliphelele lamazwe e-ITC asebenzise ngokucacile.Canadaukupakishwa kukagwayi.Umehluko omncane phakathi kwemiphumela ebikwe eCanada emaphepheni esayensi ezayo kanye nemiphumela ebikwe kulo mbhalo kungenxa yomehluko wezindlela zokulungisa izibalo, kodwa ayishintshi iphethini iyonke yemiphumela.ii.
Imiphumela yango-2020 yaseCanada eyethulwe ngezibalo zamazwe ahlukene ingase ihluke kancane emiphumeleni yango-2020 kuzibalo zelongitudinal ezethulwe kulo mbiko ngenxa yomehluko wezindlela zokulungisa izibalo zohlobo ngalunye lokuhlaziya.iii
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamaphakheji angemuva kwethafa e-Canada, amaphakethe amaningi angenalutho ezitolo ayekwifomethi ephezulu, enefomethi yesilayidi negobolondo etholakala kuphela inombolo elinganiselwe yemikhiqizo Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zokupakisha okungenalutho ukunciphisa ukukhanga. kanye nokukhanga kwemikhiqizo kagwayi.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa emazweni ahlukene luye lwabonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi amaphakethe kagwayi alula awakhangi kangako kwababhemayo kunamaphakethe anegama.12-16
Ucwaningo lwe-ITC lubonise ukuthi kube nokukhuphuka okukhulu kwephesenti labantu ababhemayo baseCanada abathole iphakethe labo likagwayi “lingakhangi neze” ngemva kokuqaliswa kokusetshenziswa kogwayi. Canadaukupakishwa kukagwayi.Lokhu kuncipha okuphawulekayo kwesikhalazo kwakungafani namanye amazwe amabili okuqhathanisa—i-Australia ne-US—lapho lungazange lube khona ushintsho kumaphesenti ababhemayo abathole iphakethe labo likagwayi “lingakhangi neze”.
Kube nokwenyuka okukhulu kwephesenti labantu ababhemayo abathi abayithandi indlela iphakethe labo likagwayi elibukeka ngayo ngemva kokuqaliswa kokufakwa kwe-plain e-Canada (kusuka ku-29% ngo-2018 kuya ku-45% ngo-2020). Isikhalazo sephakethe besiphansi kakhulu e-Australia (lapho ukupakishwa okungajwayelekile kwasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nama-PHW amakhulu ngo-2012), nabangaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zababhemayo babika ukuthi abakuthandanga ukubukeka kwephakethe labo ngo-2018 (71%) nango-2020. (69%). Ngokuphambene, iphesenti lababhemayo abathi abakuthandanga ukubukeka kwephakethe labo lihlale liphansi e-US (9% ngo-2018 kanye no-12% ngo-2020), lapho izexwayiso zingombhalo kuphela futhi ukupakishwa okungenalutho kungazange kusetshenziswe ( bheka Umfanekiso 3).
Le miphumela ihambisana nokutholwe kwangaphambilini kweProjekthi ye-ITC okubonisa ukwanda kwenani lababhemayo ababengathandanga ukubukeka kwephakethe labo ngemva kokuqaliswa kokupakishwa okungenalutho e-Australia (kusuka ku-44% ngo-2012 kuya ku-82% ngo-2013)17, New Zealand ( kusuka ku-50% ngo-2016-17 kuya ku-75% ngo-2018) 18, naseNgilandi (kusuka ku-16% 2016 kuya ku-53% ngo-2018).19
Okutholakele kwamanje futhi kwengeza ebufakazini obuvela ezifundweni ezishicilelwe ezibonisa ukuncipha okukhulu kwesikhalazo sephakethe ngemuva kokuqaliswa kokupakishwa okusobala nama-PHW amakhulu e-Australia20, 21 kanye nomthelela omuhleCanadaukupakishwa kukagwayiekunciphiseni ukukhanga kwamaphakethe ngaphezu nangaphezulu kokukhulisa usayizi wama-PHWs eNgilandi.22
Olunye ucwaningo lwakamuva oluhlola umthelela wokupakishwa okungenalutho e-United Kingdom naseNorway kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlola ze-ITC ezisunguliwe kunikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi ukuqaliswa kokupakishwa okungenalutho kanye nama-PHW anoveli amakhulu kuthuthukisa ubuhlakani nempumelelo yesixwayiso ngaphezu kwalokho okungafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa ukupakisha okungenalutho ngaphandle kwezinguquko. kuzixwayiso zezempilo. Ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kokupakishwa okungenalutho, womabili la mazwe ayenezixwayiso zezempilo ezifanayo kumaphakethe kagwayi (43% isexwayiso sombhalo ngaphambili, 53% PHW ngemuva).
Ngemva kokuqaliswa kokupakishwa okusobala kanye namanoveli ama-PHW amakhulu (amaphesenti angama-65 wangaphambili nangemuva) e-United Kingdom, kwaba nokwanda okuphawulekayo kokuqaphela, ukufunda, nokucabanga kwababhemayo ngezexwayiso, becabanga ngezingozi zempilo zokubhema, ukuziphatha kokugwema, ukudela ugwayi, kanye nokuba maningi amathuba okuba bawuyeke ngenxa yezixwayiso.
Ngokuphambene, kube nokwehla okukhulu ekuqapheleni, ekufundeni, nasekubhekisiseni izixwayiso, ukucabanga ngezingozi zezempilo zokubhema, kanye nokuba maningi amathuba okuba bayeke ngenxa yezixwayiso phakathi kwababhemayo eNorway, lapho ukupakishwa okuvamile kwenziwa ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko. ezixwayiso zezempilo.23 Iphethini ehlukene yemiphumela ebonwe e-United Kingdom uma iqhathaniswa neNorway ikhombisa lokhoCanada ukupakishwa kukagwayiithuthukisa ukusebenza kwezixwayiso zezithombe ezinoveli ezinkulu, kodwa ayikwazi ukukhulisa umthelela wezixwayiso zombhalo/izithombe ezindala
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-15-2024