Ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kusaqhubeka kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yezifo ezingagwemeka nokufa eCanada. Ngo-2017, bangaphezu kuka-47,000 abantu abashonile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kukagwayi eCanada, okulinganiselwa ku-$6.1 billion ezindlekweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-12.3 ezindlekweni zizonke.
Ukupakishwa okungenalutho kuye kwamukelwa inani elikhulayo lamazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Kusukela ngoJulayi 2020, plainCanadaukupakishwa kukagwayiisetshenziswe ngokugcwele kuzo zombili izinga lomkhiqizi kanye nezitolo emazweni ayi-14: e-Australia(2012); I-France ne-United Kingdom (2017); I-New Zealand, i-Norway, ne-Ireland (2018); I-Uruguay, neThailand (2019); I-Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, kanye ne-Slovenia (Januwari 2020); I-Canada (Februwari 2020); kanye ne-Singapore (Julayi 2020). NgoJanuwari 2022, i-Belgium, Hungary, ne-Netherlands azobe esekusebenzise ngokugcwele ukupakishwa okungenalutho.
Lo mbiko ufingqa ubufakazi obuvela kuPhrojekthi Yokuhlola Inqubomgomo Yokulawulwa Kogwayi Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-ITC) ngokusebenza ngempumelelo kokupakishwa okungenalutho e-Canada. Kusukela ngo-2002, i-ITC Project yenze izinhlolovo zeqembu lesikhathi eside emazweni angu-29 ukuhlola umthelela wezinqubomgomo ezibalulekile zokulawula ugwayi ze-World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Lo mbiko wethula okutholakele kumthelela wokupakisha okungajwayelekile e-Canada ngokusekelwe kudatha eqoqwe kubantu abadala ababhemayo ngaphambi kuka-(2018) nangemuva kuka-(2020) kokwethulwa kwe-plain.Canadaukupakishwa kukagwayi. Idatha evela e-Canada iphinde yethulwe ngokomongo ngedatha esuka kwamanye amazwe e-ITC Project angafika kwangu-25 - okuhlanganisa i-Australia, i-England, i-France, ne-New Zealand, lapho ukupakishwa okungenalutho kuphinde kwasetshenziswa.
Ukupakishwa okungenalutho kwehlise kakhulu ukukhanga kwephekhi - 45% yababhemayo abayithandanga indlela iphakethe labo likagwayi elibukeka ngayoCanada ukupakishwa kukagwayiyethulwa, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-29% ngaphambi komthetho Unlik Lo mbiko ulungiswe yi-ITC Project eNyuvesi yaseWaterloo: uJanet Chung-Hall, uPete Driezen, u-Eunice Ofeibea Indome, uGang Meng, uLorraine Craig, noGeoffrey T. Fong. Siyakwamukela ukuphawula kukaCynthia Callard, Odokotela baseCanada abangabhemi; uRob Cunningham, i-Canadian Cancer Society; kanye noFrancis Thompson, HealthBridge mayelana nezinhlaka zalo mbiko. Idizayini yezithombe nesakhiwo kwanikezwa ngu-Sonya Lyon we-Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Sibonga u-Brigitte Meloche ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuhumusha ngesi-French; kanye nakuNadia Martin, Iphrojekthi ye-ITC yokubuyekezwa nokuhlela kokuhumusha kwesi-French. Uxhaso lwalo mbiko lunikezwe Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa kanye Nemilutha yase-Health Canada (SUAP) #2021-HQ-000058. Imibono evezwe lapha ayimeleli imibono ye-Health Canada.
I-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey isekelwe izibonelelo ezivela ku-US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), i-Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), kanye neNational Health and Medical Research Council yase-Australia (APP 1106451). Ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kunikezwa uGeoffrey T. Ontario Grant Institute ngu-Senior Research Institute ngu-Cancer Research Institute yi-Cancer Research Institute
Igunya elilawulayo lokupakishwa okunganalutho kukagwayi (okwaziwa nangokuthi ukupakisha okujwayelekile) kuhlinzekwe ngaphansi kwe-Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA)4, enezichibiyelo ezamukelwa ngomhla ka-23 Meyi 2018 njengohlaka olusemthethweni lokunciphisa umthwalo obalulekile wokufa okuhlobene nogwayi nesifo e-Canada. I-PlainCanadaukupakishwa kukagwayiihlose ukwehlisa ukukhanga kwemikhiqizo kagwayi futhi yethulwa ngaphansi Kwemithethonqubo Yemikhiqizo Kagwayi yangowezi-2019 (Ukubukeka Okusobala Nokujwayelekile)5 njengenye yezinqubomgomo ezibanzi zokusiza ukufinyelela umgomo wokusetshenziswa kukagwayi ongaphansi kuka-5% ngo-2035 ngaphansi Kwesu Logwayi laseCanada.
Imithethonqubo iyasebenza ekupakishweni kwayo yonke imikhiqizo kagwayi, okuhlanganisa nogwayi okhiqiziwe, rolling eyakho imikhiqizo (ugwayi oxekethile, amashubhu namaphepha okugoqwa ahloselwe ukusetshenziswa nogwayi), ogwayi nezigayi ezincane, ugwayi wamapayipi, ugwayi ongenantuthu, nemikhiqizo kagwayi oshisayo. Imikhiqizo kagwayi ye-E/i-vaping ayimboziwe ngaphansi kwale mithetho, njengoba ingekho ngaphansi kwesigaba semikhiqizo kagwayi ye-TV.
4 Ukupakishwa okungenalutho kukagwayi, ogwayi abancane, imikhiqizo kagwayi ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa namadivayisi, nayo yonke eminye imikhiqizo kagwayi iqale ukusebenza ezingeni lomkhiqizi/umthengi ongenayo ngoNovemba 9, 2019, ngesikhathi sezinguquko sezinsuku ezingu-90 ukuze abathengisi bakagwayi bathobele ngomhla ka-7 Febhruwari 2020. Ukupakishwa okungajwayelekile kwemikhiqizo kagwayi kwafika ngomhla ka-9 Novemba ngo-November 2020, nenkathi yenguquko yezinsuku eziyi-180 ukuze abathengisi bakagwayi bathobele ngoMeyi 8, 2021.5, 8
Canada ukupakishwa kukagwayiimithethonqubo kubhekiselwe kuyo njengebanzi kakhulu emhlabeni, ibeka inani lezibonelo zomhlaba (bona Ibhokisi 1). Wonke amaphakheji omkhiqizo kagwayi kufanele abe nombala omisiwe onsundu, ongenazo izici ezihlukile nezikhangayo, kanye nokuvezwa kombhalo ovunyelwe endaweni, ifonti, umbala, nosayizi ojwayelekile.Izinti zikagwayi azikwazi ukweqa izilinganiso zobubanzi nobude obubekiwe; ube nanoma yikuphi ukumaketha; futhi isiphetho sesinqe sesihlungi kufanele sibe sicaba futhi asikwazi ukuba nezinsika.Canada ukupakishwa kukagwayiizokwenziwa ifane ibe ifomethi yesilayidi negobolondo ezingeni lomkhiqizi/ongenisa ngaphandle kusukela ngomhla ka-9 Novemba 2021 (abathengisi banesikhathi kufika ngomhla ka-7 Febhruwari 2022 ukuthi bathobele), ngaleyo ndlela bavimbele amaphekhi ane-flip top open. Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa iphakethe lesilayidi negobolondo elingenaluthoCanada ukupakishwa kukagwayi lapho umlayezo wolwazi lwezempilo uvezwa ngemuva kwephakheji yangaphakathi lapho iphakethe livulwa. I-Canada iyizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukudinga ukupakishwa kwamaslayidi namagobolondo FUTHI yaba ngeyokuqala ukudinga imiyalezo yezempilo yangaphakathi.
Canadaukupakishwa kukagwayiimithethonqubo iqine kakhulu emhlabeni futhi eyokuqala:
• Vimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezichazi zemibala kuwo wonke amabhrendi namagama ahlukile
• Idinga ifomethi yokupakisha yesilayidi namagobolondo kagwayi
• Dinga umbala onsundu ngokungaphezi ngaphakathi kwephakeji
• Vimbela ugwayi ubude obungaphezu kuka-85mm
• Vimbela osikilidi abancane abangaphansi kuka-7.65mm ububanzi
Izibonelo zomhlaba wonke ezibekwe yimithetho yokupakisha engenalutho yaseCanada
I-Canada ayizange isebenzise izexwayiso zezempilo ezintsha nezikhudlwana (ama-PHW) kumaphakethe kagwayi ngokuhambisana nemithetho yokupakisha engenalutho, njengoba kudingwa ngamanye amazwe ahlanganisa i-Australia, i-United Kingdom, i-France, ne-New Zealand. Nokho,Iphakethe likagwayi laseCanadaizexwayiso (75% zangaphambili nangemuva) zizoba ngenkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngokwendawo yonke lapho isilayidi esiyisibopho nefomethi yegobolondo iqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba 2021. I-Health Canada iphothula izinhlelo zokuqalisa amasethi ambalwa ezixwayiso zezempilo ezintsha zemikhiqizo kagwayi okuzodingeka ukuthi ijikelezise ngemva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe.9 Umfanekiso 2 wethula umugqa wesikhathi wokupakisha i-ITC ezweni elilula Inhlolovo, ehlinzeka ngedatha yalo mbiko.
Lo mbiko wethula idatha evela ku-ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ngaphambi nangemuva kokupakishwa okungenalutho kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele ezingeni lokuthengisa ngoFebhuwari 7, 2020. I-ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, ingxenye ye-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey enkulu, nayo eyenziwa ngokuhambisana nocwaningo lweqembu labantu abadala, e-United States, e-United States kanye nase-United States. ama-vapers aqashwe kumaphaneli ewebhu kazwelonke ezweni ngalinye. Inhlolovo ye-inthanethi yemizuzu engama-45 ihlanganise imibuzo ebihambisana nokuhlolwa kokupakishwa okungenalutho, okusetshenziswe yi-ITC Project ukuhlola ukupakishwa okungenalutho e-Australia, e-England, eNew Zealand nase-France. I-ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey yenziwa phakathi kwesampula elimele izwe lonke labantu abadala ababhemayo abangu-4600 abaphothule izinhlolovo ngo-2018 (ngaphambi kokupakishwa nje), 2020 (ngemuva kokupakishwa okungenalutho), noma kuyo yomibili leyo minyaka. imithetho yokupakishwa kukagwayi kanye nezimfuneko zezinguquko kuma-PHWs (bona Ithebula 1).i Izimpawu zabaphenduli kunhlolovo e-Canada, Australia, nase-United States zifingqiwe kuThebula 2. Umbiko uphinda wethule ukuqhathaniswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwedatha yezinyathelo zomphumela womthelela wenqubomgomo ekhethiwe e-Canada nakwamanye amazwe afika kwangu-25 e-ITC.ii
Imininingwane egcwele ngamasampula nezindlela zocwaningo ezweni ngalinye yethulwa ku-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.
imibiko yobuchwepheshe, etholakala ku-:https://itcproject.org/methods/
I-ITC Project ike yashicilela imibiko emayelana nomthelela wokupakishwa okungenalutho eNew Zealand18 nase-England19. Amaphepha esayensi esikhathi esizayo e-ITC azokwethula ukuhlaziya okubanzi komthelela wokupakishwa okusobala eCanada nakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuqhathaniswa komthelela wenqubomgomo kulo lonke iqoqo eliphelele lamazwe e-ITC asebenzise ngokucacile.Canadaukupakishwa kukagwayi.Umehluko omncane phakathi kwemiphumela ebikwe eCanada emaphepheni esayensi ezayo kanye nemiphumela ebikwe kulo mbhalo kungenxa yomehluko wezindlela zokulungisa izibalo, kodwa ayishintshi iphethini iyonke yemiphumela.ii.
Imiphumela yango-2020 yaseCanada eyethulwe ngezibalo zamazwe ahlukene ingase ihluke kancane emiphumeleni yango-2020 kuzibalo zelongitudinal ezethulwe kulo mbiko ngenxa yomehluko wezindlela zokulungisa izibalo zohlobo ngalunye lokuhlaziya.iii
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamaphakheji angemuva kwethafa e-Canada, amaphakethe amaningi angenalutho ezitolo ayekwifomethi ephezulu, enefomethi yesilayidi negobolondo etholakala kuphela ngenani elilinganiselwe lemikhiqizo Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zokupakisha okungenalutho ukunciphisa ukukhanga nokukhanga kwemikhiqizo kagwayi.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa emazweni ahlukene luye lwabonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi amaphakethe kagwayi alula awakhangi kangako kwababhemayo kunamaphakethe anegama.12-16
Ucwaningo lwe-ITC lubonise ukuthi kube nokukhuphuka okukhulu kwephesenti labantu ababhemayo baseCanada abathole iphakethe labo likagwayi “lingakhangi neze” ngemva kokuqaliswa kokusetshenziswa kogwayi. Canadaukupakishwa kukagwayi.Lokhu kuncipha okuphawulekayo kwesikhalazo kwakungafani namanye amazwe amabili okuqhathanisa—i-Australia ne-US—lapho lungazange lube khona ushintsho kumaphesenti ababhemayo abathole iphakethe labo likagwayi “lingakhangi neze”.
Kube nokwenyuka okukhulu kwephesenti labantu ababhemayo abathi abayithandi indlela iphakethe labo likagwayi elibukeka ngayo ngemva kokuqaliswa kokufakwa kwe-plain e-Canada (kusuka ku-29% ngo-2018 kuya ku-45% ngo-2020). Isikhalazo samaphekhi besiphansi kakhulu e-Australia (lapho ukupakishwa okungenalutho kwasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganisa nama-PHW amakhulu ngo-2012), nabangaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zababhemayo babike ukuthi abakuthandanga ukubukeka kwephakethe labo ngo-2018 (71%) kanye no-2020 (69%). Ngokuphambene, iphesenti lababhemayo abathi abakuthandanga ukubukeka kwephakethe labo lihlale liphansi e-US (9% ngo-2018 kanye no-12% ngo-2020), lapho izexwayiso zingombhalo kuphela futhi ukupakishwa okungenalutho kungazange kusetshenziswe (bona Umfanekiso 3).
Le miphumela ihambisana nokutholwe kwangaphambilini kweProjekthi ye-ITC ebonisa ukwanda kwenani labantu ababhemayo abangazange bakuthande ukubukeka kwephakethe labo ngemva kokuqaliswa kokupakishwa okungenalutho e-Australia (kusuka ku-44% ngo-2012 kuya ku-82% ngo-2013) 17, New Zealand (kusuka ku-50% ngo-2016-17 kuya ku-81% ku-81% no-75% ku-81% ku-2018) 2016 kuya ku-53% ngo-2018).19
Okutholakele kwamanje futhi kwengeza ebufakazini obuvela ezifundweni ezishicilelwe ezibonisa ukuncipha okukhulu kwesikhalazo sephakethe ngemuva kokuqaliswa kokupakishwa okusobala nama-PHW amakhulu e-Australia20, 21 kanye nomthelela omuhleCanadaukupakishwa kukagwayiekunciphiseni ukukhanga kwamaphakethe ngaphezu nangaphezulu kokukhulisa usayizi wama-PHWs eNgilandi.22
Olunye ucwaningo lwakamuva oluhlola umthelela wokupakishwa okungenalutho e-United Kingdom naseNorway kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlola ze-ITC ezisunguliwe kunikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi ukusetshenziswa kokupakishwa okungenalutho kanye namanoveli ama-PHW amakhulu kuthuthukisa ubuhlakani nempumelelo yesixwayiso ngaphezu kwalokho okungafinyelelwa ngokufaka ukupakisha okusobala ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezixwayiso zezempilo. Ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kokupakishwa okungenalutho, womabili la mazwe ayenezixwayiso zezempilo ezifanayo kumaphakethe kagwayi (43% isexwayiso sombhalo ngaphambili, 53% PHW ngemuva).
Ngemva kokuqaliswa kokupakishwa okungenalutho kanye nama-PHW anoveli amakhudlwana (amaphesenti angama-65 wangaphambili nangemuva) e-United Kingdom, kube nokwanda okuphawulekayo kokuqaphela, ukufunda, nokucabanga kwababhemayo ngezexwayiso, becabanga ngezingozi zempilo zokubhema, imikhuba yokugwema, ukuyeka ugwayi, kanye nokuba maningi amathuba okuba bayeke ngenxa yezixwayiso.
Ngokuphambene, kwaba nokwehla okukhulu ekuqapheleni, ekufundeni, nasekubhekisiseni izixwayiso, ukucabanga ngezingozi zezempilo zokubhema, kanye nokuba maningi amathuba okuba bayeke ngenxa yezixwayiso phakathi kwababhemayo eNorway, lapho ukupakishwa okusobala kwenziwa ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezixwayisweni zezempilo.23 Iphethini ehlukene yemiphumela ebonwa e-United Kingdom uma iqhathaniswa neNorway ibonisa ukuthiCanada ukupakishwa kukagwayiithuthukisa ukusebenza kwezixwayiso zezithombe ezinoveli ezinkulu, kodwa ayikwazi ukukhulisa umthelela wezixwayiso zombhalo/izithombe ezindala
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-15-2024