Izinto ezincane zivame ukuba zingcolile ngesikhathi sokugcina nokuthutha, futhi izinto eziningi zivame ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye ngokwemithetho ethile. Ukufakwa kwebhokisi lokubonisa elihlanganisiwe ngaphambi kokugoqwa kubhekisela ekuqoqweni kwezingcezu eziningi ezincane zezimpahla ezipakishiwe noma ezingapakishiwe zibe yiyunithi enkulu yempahla engaphakanyiswa noma ifuthwe ngesitsha ukuze kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokulayisha, ukulayisha nokuphatha imisebenzi. Izitsha zingahlukaniswa cishe ngezigaba eziyisithupha ngokwezimo zazo: izitsha ezihlanganisiwe, izitsha zephalethi, izikhwama zezitsha, amanethi ezitsha kanye nezitsha. Inhloso yokufakwa kwezitsha ukonga abasebenzi nokunciphisa ukuthuthwa kanyeibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaizindleko zokupakisha izimpahla.
Ibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaindlela yokupakisha
Ukuhlanganisa nokufaka izitsha kuyindlela yokuhlanganisa ehlanganisa izinto zokubopha ukuhlanganisa izimpahla ezifana nemikhiqizo yensimbi, ukhuni, noma amaphakheji amancane abe yiyunithi yokuthutha idatha ezimele. Isithombe 7-17 sibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokubopha nokufaka izitsha. Lokhu kupakishaibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaInqubo isebenzisa izinto zokupakisha ezincane, inezindleko eziphansi, kulula ukuyigcina, ukuyilayisha, ukuyithulula, kanye nokuyithutha, futhi inemisebenzi yokuvala, ukuvala, ukulwa nokwebiwa, kanye nokuvimbela izinto ukuthi zilahleke noma zidilike.
Izinto zokubopha ezisetshenziswa kakhuluibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqa
Izinto zokubopha ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlanganisa ucingo lwensimbi, izintambo zensimbi, i-polyester, i-nylon, i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, i-polyvinyl chloride kanye nezinye izintambo zokubopha zepulasitiki kanye nezintambo zokubopha eziqinisiwe. Ucingo lwensimbi lusetshenziswa kakhulu ukubopha izinto eziqinile njengephrofayili yensimbi, amapayipi, izitini, amabhokisi ezinkuni, njll. Uma ubopha amabhokisi ezinkuni, azofakwa emaphethelweni nasemakhoneni amabhokisi ezinkuni. Izintambo zensimbi luhlobo lokubopha olunamandla aphezulu okubopha. Zinesilinganiso esincane sokunwebeka futhi empeleni azithintwa yizici ezifana nokukhanya kwelanga kanye nokushisa. Zinamandla amahle okugcina ukucindezeleka futhi zingamelana nokucindezeleka kwezimpahla ezicindezelwe ngamandla aphezulu, kodwa zivame ukugqwala. Amabhande e-polyester anamandla aphezulu okubopha nokumelana nomthelela, izakhiwo ezinhle zokubuyisa ukunwebeka kanye namakhono okugcina ukucindezeleka, ukumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokugcina okuhle kwesikhathi eside. Zingathatha indawo yamabhande ensimbi ukuze zipakishweibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaIzinto ezisindayo. Izintambo zenayiloni ziyanwebeka, ziqinile, zinamandla okuguguleka, zinamandla okugoba, zinamandla okumanzi, zinamandla okumakhemikhali, futhi zilula ngesisindo. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni nasekupakisheni izinto ezisindayo, ama-pallet, njll. Izintambo ze-polyethylene ziyizinto ezinhle kakhulu zokubopha imisebenzi yezandla. Zinamandla okumanzi futhi zifanelekela ukubopha imikhiqizo yezolimo enomswakama omningi. Zingagcina isimo esithembekile nesizinzile, zizinzile lapho zigcinwa, futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa. Ibhande le-polypropylene lilula futhi lithambile, linamandla amakhulu, alinamanzi.
Iphalethi iyithuluzi lesitsha elisetshenziselwa ukuqoqa izimpahla ngendlela ethile futhi lingalayishwa, lithululwe futhi lithuthwe.ibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqakuyindlela yokupakisha ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa amaphakheji noma izimpahla eziningana zibe yiyunithi yokuphatha ezimele ngendlela ethile. Ifanelekela imisebenzi yokuthutha yokulayisha nokulayisha ngomshini, yenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina impahla zanamuhla, futhi ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha nokulayisha nokuthutha izimpahla. Izinga lokuphatha izindawo zokugcina impahla.
1. Ibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqainqubo yokupakisha i-pallet
(1) Ukupakishwa kwephalethiibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqakanye nezici zayo Izinzuzo zokupakisha amapallet ukusebenza okuhle jikelele, ukubekwa okubushelelezi nokuzinzile, okungagwema isimo samaphakeji awela emabhokisini ngesikhathi sokugcina, ukulayisha, ukulayisha, ukuthutha kanye nezinye izinqubo zokujikeleza. Ifanele ukulayisha, ukulayisha kanye nokuthutha imishini emikhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthembela kubasebenzi kanye nemishini emincane ukulayisha nokukhulula amaphakeji amancane, ukusebenza kwayo kahle kungathuthukiswa kakhulu, futhi kunganciphisa kakhulu amathuba okushayisana, ukuwa, ukulahla kanye nokuphathwa kabi kwezimpahla ngesikhathi sokugcina, ukulayisha nokukhulula, ukuthutha kanye nezinye izinqubo zokujikeleza, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokuhamba kwempahla. Kodwa-ke, ukupakisha amapallet kwandisa izindleko zokukhiqiza nokulungisa amapallet, futhi kudinga ukuthengwa kwemishini yokuphatha ehambisanayo. Izibalo ezifanele zibonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa ukupakisha amapalletibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaesikhundleni sokupakisha kokuqala kunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokujikeleza, okuhlanganisa ukwehla okungu-45% kwezinto zasekhaya, ukwehla okungu-60% kwemikhiqizo yephepha, ukwehla okungu-55% kokudla, kanye nokwehla okungu-15% kwengilazi eyisicaba kanye nezitini ezinamathelayo.
(2) Izindlela zokufaka ama-pallet Ngokuvamile kunezindlela ezine zokufaka ama-pallet, okungukuthi uhlobo olulula lokubuka kabusha, uhlobo oluya phambili nolubuyela emuva, uhlobo oluqhekekile kanye nokufakwa kwama-pallet okujikeleza, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7-18. Izindlela ezahlukene zokufaka ama-pallet zinezinzuzo nezinkinga zazo, okufanele zikhethwe ngokuya ngesimo esithile.
Ekuhlanganiseni okulula okugqagqene, izimpahla ezisesendlalelo ngasinye zihlelwe ngendlela efanayo, kodwa akukho ukugqagqene. Izimpahla zivame ukuhlukaniswa kalula ngobude, zinokuqina okungekuhle, futhi zidinga amandla aphezulu okucindezela kwesendlalelo esingezansi sezimpahla. Ngokombono wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokunqwabelanisa nokunikeza amandla okucindezela okupakisha ukudlala okugcwele, ukunqwabelanisa okulula okugqagqene kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokufaka. Amaphethini okufaka izingqimba ezinezinombolo ezingalingani kanye nezendlalelo ezinezinombolo ezingalingani zokufaka izingqimba phambili nangemuva zihlukile ngo-180°. Ukugqagqana phakathi kwezingqimba kuhle, futhi ukuzinza komthwalo wephalethi kuphakeme. Le ndlela yokufaka izingqimba isetshenziswa kakhulu kumaphalethi angunxande, kanti ubude nobubanzi bezimpahla bungu-3:2 noma 6:5. Izingqimba ezingalingani nezilinganayo zokufaka izingqimba ezigqagqene zihlanganiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Izikhombisi-ndlela zamaphethini okufaka izingqimba ezimbili eziseduze zihluka ngo-90°. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumaphalethi asikwele. Ekubekeni okuhlanganisiwe, lapho kubekwa ungqimba ngalunye, indlela ishintshwa ngo-90° ukuze kwakheke ukunqwabelana ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi isikhungo sivame ukuba nezimbobo, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kobuso bephalethi, le ndlela yokufaka iphalethi isetshenziswa kakhulu kumaphalethi asikwele. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe isayensi nokuphepha kokufaka izimpahla kumaphalethi ngendlela ethile, lapho kuklanywa ukupakishwa kwamaphalethi, kubalulekile ukubhekisela ku-CB4892 standard kazwelonke “Rigid Cuboid Transport Packaging Dimension Series” ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwezimpahla, isisindo somthwalo wephalethi nosayizi, njll. “, GB 13201 “Rigid Cylinder Transportation Packaging Dimension Series” kanye ne-GB 13757 “Bag Transportation Packaging Dimension Series” kanye nezinye izindinganiso zokunquma ngokunengqondo indlela yokufaka izimpahla kumaphalethi, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa kobuso bephalethi ngokuvamile alingaphansi kuka-80%.
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokukhetha izindlela zokufaka ama-pallet yilezi:
① Izimpahla eziqinile eziyisikwele ezifana nezitsha zokhuni, zephepha nezensimbi kufanele zibekwe ngendlela eyodwa noma eziningi ezibekwe ngendlela efanayo futhi zilungiswe ngephakheji elula noma iphakheji yokunciphisa; ② Izimpahla zephepha noma zefayibha Sebenzisa i-stacking eyodwa noma eziningi ezibekwe ngendlela efanayo kanye ne-cross-sealing nge-strapping tape; ③ Izitsha zensimbi ezivaliwe kanye nezinye izimpahla ezisilinda kufanele zibekwe ngendlela eyodwa noma eziningi ezibekwe ngendlela efanayo futhi ziqiniswe ngezembozo zokhuni; ④ Ivikela umswakama, ingangeni manzi, njll. Imikhiqizo yephepha evikelayo kanye nezindwangu kufanele zibekwe ngezingqimba eziningi futhi zibekwe ngendlela efanayo, futhi kusetshenziswe iphakheji elula, iphakheji yokunciphisa noma ukwengeza izisekelo zasekhoneni, izembozo kanye nezinye izakhiwo zokuqinisa; ⑤ Izimpahla ezibuthakathaka kufanele zibekwe ngezingqimba eyodwa noma eziningi, kanye nezisekelo zokhuni ezingeziwe isakhiwo sokuhlukanisa; ⑥ Izitsha noma izimpahla ezisilinda zamabhodlela ensimbi zibekwe ngendlela efanayo ukuze kwandiswe
Isakhiwo siqiniswe ngamafreyimu emithwalo kanye nama-slats; ⑦ Izikhwama zezimpahla zifakwa kakhulu ngendlela eqondile neqondile. Ekupakisheni kwephalethi, umkhiqizo wokupakisha ongezansi uthwala umthwalo wokucindezela wezimpahla ezingaphezulu, futhi izimo zokucindezela zesikhathi eside zizokwenza isitsha sokupakisha noma izinto zinyakaze, okuthinta ukuzinza kokupakisha kwephalethi. Ngakho-ke, lapho uklama ukupakisha kwephalethi, kubalulekile ukuhlola amandla okufaka izitsha zokupakisha futhi ucabangele izakhiwo zokufaka izitsha zokupakisha noma izinto zokupakisha ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimpahla ngesikhathi sokugcina nokuthuthwa.
(3) Indlela yokulungisa amaphalethi Ngesikhathi senqubo yokugcina nokuthutha izimpahla ezifakwe amaphalethi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina kwazo, izindlela ezifanele zokubopha kumele zisetshenziswe ukuvimbela ukuthi zingawi. Emikhiqizweni edinga izidingo ezingangeni umswakama futhi ezingangeni manzi, izinyathelo ezifanayo kumele zithathwe. Izindlela zokulungisa ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokupakisha amaphalethiibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqakufaka phakathi ukubopha, ukunamathelisa, ukusonga, kanye nezesekeli zokuqinisa ezivikelayo, njll., ezingasetshenziswa futhi ndawonye. Izindlela zokubopha nokubopha zivame ukusebenzisa izintambo zensimbi nezintambo zepulasitiki kumaphakheji nama-pallet aqondile naqondile ukuvimbela imikhiqizo epakishiwe ukuthi inganyakaziswa ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. () (e) Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7-19, izindlela ezahlukene zokulungisa ama-pallet. Kokupakisha ama-pallet okungasakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokupakishwa kokuthuthaibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaizidingo ngemva kokulungiswa, izesekeli zokuqinisa ezivikelayo kufanele zikhethwe njengoba kudingeka. Izesekeli zokuqinisa ezivikelayo zenziwe ngephepha, ipulasitiki yokhuni, insimbi noma ezinye izinto.
2.Ibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaindlela yokuklama ukupakisha i-pallet
Usayizi wama-pallet ubekwe ezingeni elifanele. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela wokufakwa kwama-pallet, ukufakwa kwebhokisi lemikhiqizo kufanele kuhlanganiswe ngokufanele. Ikhwalithi yokufakwa kwama-pallet ithinta ngqo ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo epakishiwe enkambisweni yokujikeleza kwegazi. Ukufakwa kwama-pallet okufanelekile kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi nokuphepha kokupakisha, kusheshise ukuhamba kwempahla, futhi kunciphise izindleko zokuhamba nokupakisha. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuklama zokufakwa kwama-pallet: "ngaphakathi-ngaphandle" kanye "nangaphandle-ngaphakathi".
(1) Indlela yokuklama "ngaphakathi-ngaphandle" ukuklama ukupakisha kwangaphakathi, ukupakisha kwangaphandle kanye nephalethi ngokulandelana ngokuya ngobukhulu besakhiwo somkhiqizo. Umkhiqizo upakishwa emaphaketheni amancane ngokulandelana kusuka endaweni yokukhiqiza, bese kuthi ngokuya ngamaphakheji amancane amaningi noma osayizi abakhulu Khetha amabhokisi okupakisha ngokusekelwe ekupakisheni ngakunyeibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqa, bese uhlanganisa amabhokisi okupakisha akhethiwe kuma-pallet, bese uwathutha uwayise kubasebenzisi. Inqubo yokuklama iboniswe kuMfanekiso 7-20. Ngokuya ngobukhulu bephakheji yangaphandle, indlela ebekwa ngayo ku-pallet inganqunywa. Njengoba kunezindlela eziningi zokufaka amabhokisi ahlanganisiwe anobukhulu obuthile ku-pallet plane, kubalulekile ukuqhathanisa izindlela ezahlukene bese ukhetha ikhambi elifanele.
Uma uklama ukupakishwa kwephalethi, kufanele kulandelwe imodulus yokupakishwa eyaziwayo emhlabeni wonke ye-cuboid eqinile [600, 400], futhi kufanele kulandelwe ubukhulu [1200, 800] kanye [12001000] ku-GB2934 standard kazwelonke “Ubukhulu Obuyinhloko Nokubekezelelana Kwama-Pallet Ayisicaba E-Universal for Intermodal Transport”. Ama-pallet alandelanayo ukuze asebenzise ngokugcwele indawo engaphezulu kwephalethi futhi anciphise izindleko zokupakisha nezokuthutha. Umklamo wokupakishwa kwephalethi elikhulu ungaqedwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yokuklama ukupakishwa kwephalethi.
3. Ibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaubuchwepheshe bokupakisha izitsha
Iphalethi iyisitsha esifana nohlaka esinamandla aphezulu futhi ifaneleka kakhulu ekupakisheni imikhiqizo enzima enezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye namaqoqo amakhulu. Eminye imikhiqizo inamaqoqo amakhulu kanye nezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ayikwazi ukupakishwa kumaphalethi. Isakhiwo sohlaka ngokuvamile senziwe ngensimbi, ngokhuni noma ngezinye izinto. Umsebenzi waso ukulungisa nokuvikela izinto, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngamadivayisi asizayo adingekayo okuphakamisa, ukuphakamisa ifoloko kanye nokubeka imikhiqizo ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa. Lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo sohlaka lubizwa ngokuthi iphalethi, elingaphinde lisetshenziswe futhi lisetshenziswe isikhathi eside.
Isitsha siyibhokisi elikhulu lokushintshana eliphelele kanye nesitsha esikhulu sokupakisha semikhiqizo yokupakisha isitsha. Ngokuvamile sikhiqizwa futhi sisetshenziswe ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke. Ukuthuthwa kwesitsha kunezinzuzo ezingenakuqhathaniswa kunezinye izindlela zokuhamba futhi sekuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthuthwa kwempahla emhlabeni jikelele.
IKomidi Lobuchwepheshe Bezitsha le-ISO/TC104 le-International Organisation for Standardization lichaza isitsha ngokuthi “isitsha esingasetshenziswa kabusha isikhathi eside futhi sinamandla anele; singadluliselwa ngesikhathi sokuthutha ngaphandle kokuhambisa izimpahla esitsheni, singashintshwa ngqo, singalayishwa ngokushesha futhi sithululwe, futhi singadluliselwa ngqo sisuka endleleni yokuhamba. Sidluliselwa kalula kwenye indlela yokuhamba, elula ukugcwalisa nokuthulula izimpahla, kanye nesitsha sokuthutha esinomthamo ongaphezu kwe-1m.” Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa izitsha, futhi zihlukaniswe ngezitsha ze-aluminium, izitsha zensimbi kanye nezitsha ze-fiberglass ngokwezinto zokwakha. . Ngokwesakhiwo, zihlukaniswe ngezitsha zensika, izitsha ezigoqekayo, izitsha ezinamagobolondo amancane kanye nezitsha zohlaka. Ngokwenhloso, zihlukaniswe ngezitsha ezijwayelekile nezitsha ezikhethekile. Izitsha ezijwayelekile, okungukuthi, izitsha zempahla ezomile ezijwayelekile, yizitsha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinezinga eliphezulu lokuma. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukuthutha imikhiqizo yezimboni eqediwe noma amaphakheji angadingi ukulawulwa kokushisa. Izitsha ezikhethekile yizitsha ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zamaphakheji noma izimpahla ezithile, njengezitsha ezinkulu, izitsha ezivulekile phezulu, izitsha eziqandisiwe, izitsha ezivalekile, izitsha ezinomoya, izitsha eziseceleni ezivulekile ngokuphelele, izitsha ze-plate rack, izitsha zethangi, kanye nezitsha ezibiyelwe.
Ukupakishwa kwesitshaibhokisi lokubonisa ngaphambi kokugoqaubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa kakhulu ukulungiswa kohlelo lokubeka impahla ebhodleleni, ukukhetha indlela yokuhamba kanye nendlela yokudlulisela impahla.
njll. Ukuze uthole izidingo ezifanele, sicela ubheke amazinga okuthuthwa kwezitsha.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-22-2024