Inqubo yokupakisha umkhiqizo izothinteka yisimo sezulu kanye nezici zemvelo. Ngoba ububanzi bokujikelezaUKukupakishwa kukagwayi imikhiqizo iyahlukahluka kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zezulu nezendawo zinjani. Abaklami bobunjiniyela bokupakisha badinga ukuqonda imithetho eshintshayo yezimo zezulu, bafunde umthelela wezimo zezulu zezindawo ekusebenzeni kanye nekhwalithi yamaphakheji, futhi banikeze isivikelo esidingekayo ukuze ukupakisha kuhlangabezane nezidingo zokupakisha umkhiqizo ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esithile sokugcina noma isikhathi sokuphila kweshelufu, futhi banciphise ukulahleka kwenqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi.
Izici zesimo sezulu ezithintaUkupakishwa kukagwayi wase-UK ubuchwepheshe bheka izimo zezulu, ezihlanganisa kakhulu izinga lokushisa, umswakama, imvula neqhwa, umoya kanye nemisebe yelanga, njll.
1. Uhudo
Inani elibonakalayo eliveza izinga lokushisa nokubanda komkhathi, okungukuthi izinga lokushisa lomoya. Izinga lokushisa emkhathini ngokuvamile libhekisela ekushiseni okubonwa yisiteshi sezulu, okungukuthi, izinga lokushisa lomoya ekuphakameni kwamamitha amabili ukusuka phansi, ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile kanye nokugeleza komoya okuhle.
I-Latitude iyisici esiyinhloko ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa ezindaweni ezahlukene, kulandelwe indawo yendawo kanye nokuphakama. Izwe lethu linendawo enkulu, enomehluko omkhulu ekuphakameni kanye nesimo sezulu ezindaweni ezahlukene. Isibonelo, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu eTurpan Basin lake lafinyelela ku-48 degrees.°C, kuyilapho iMohe, eHeilongjiang, ibhekane namazinga okushisa aphansi afinyelela ku-minus 50°C. Isifunda esisempumalanga sinezindawo zezulu ezishisayo, ezishisayo, ezifudumele, ezibandayo kanye nezinye kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho. E-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, kunezindawo zasemakhaya eziphakeme ezintabeni kanye nezindawo zezulu eziqandisiwe unyaka wonke. Izinga lokushisa lobuso linezinguquko zansuku zonke nezonyaka, okwenza izinga lokushisa lomoya libe nezinguquko zansuku zonke nezonyaka. Lolu shintsho luyindilinga futhi lubangelwa izinguquko kwisabelomali somsebe womhlabathi.
Izinga lokushisa lansuku zonke linenani eliphakeme neliphansi. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lenzeka eduze kokuphuma kwelanga. Ngemva kokuphuma kwelanga, umoya ukhuphuka kancane kancane, ufinyelele inani eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kuka-14 no-15 emini, bese wehla kancane kancane kuze kube yilapho kuphuma ilanga. Umehluko phakathi kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu emini nasebusuku ubizwa ngokuthi ububanzi bokushisa bezinsuku, obuhlobene ne-latitude, isizini, indawo, izakhiwo zobuso, izimo zezulu kanye nokuphakama.
Ukushintsha kwamazinga okushisa kwaminyaka yonke nakho kunenani eliphakeme kanye nenani eliphansi (ngaphandle kwezindawo eziseduze ne-equator). Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lonyaka lenzeka ehlobo, ikakhulukazi ngoJulayi ezwenikazi kanye nango-Agasti olwandle. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lenzeka ebusika, ikakhulukazi ngoJanuwari ezwenikazi kanye noFebhuwari olwandle. Umehluko phakathi kwezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lenyanga eshisa kakhulu kanye nezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lenyanga ebanda kakhulu ngonyaka ubizwa ngokuthi ububanzi bokushisa baminyaka yonke. Ngokufanayo, ubukhulu balo buhlobene nezici ezifana ne-latitude, i-topography, izakhiwo zomhlabathi, izimo zezulu kanye nokuphakama. Isibonelo, ezindaweni ezishisayo, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka ezwenikazi lingafinyelela ku-20°C, kanti ezindaweni ezisogwini cishe kungama-5°C, kanti izinga lokushisa lonyaka alilikhulu. Ibanga lonyaka likhulu kakhulu endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile, futhi liyanda ngokwanda kwe-latitude kanye nokujula ngaphakathi. Ibanga lonyaka ogwini lolwandle licishe libe yi-15 degrees Celsius.°C, ngenkathi ezwekazini ingafinyelela ku-50~60°C.
Izinguquko zansuku zonke ekushiseni zizoba nomthelela ekhwalithini yokupakisha. Ezindaweni ezishisayo ezomile ezinokwehluka okukhulu kakhulu kwansuku zonke, izinga lokushisa lansuku zonke lingasondela ku-30 degrees Celsius.°C zingakapheli amahora angu-8 kusukela ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga kuya ngemva kokuphuma kwelanga. Umehluko omkhulu wokushisa kwansuku zonke ungabangela izinguquko ezinkulu zomswakama emaphaketheni avaliwe.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yokupakisha ukudla ukuvimbela ukudla ukuthi kungonakali endaweni yokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, ukuvimbela ukudla ukuthi kungangcoliswa yizinto ezincane nezingcolile, ukusebenzisa ukupakisha okwenziwa ngomshini nokuzenzakalelayo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukwenza ukukhiqizwa kube okunengqondo kakhudlwana, nokukhuthaza nokuthuthukisa ukujikeleza kokudla, kanye nokuphathwa kwebhizinisi ukwandisa inani lempahla yokudla. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukupakisha ukudla kusebenzisa uchungechunge lobuchwepheshe nezinqubo ezintsha, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha izikhwama eziphendulayo, ubuchwepheshe bokudla obuqandisiwe ngokushesha, ukugcina ukudla kusha.Ukupakishwa kukagwayi wase-UK ubuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha obungenamagciwane, njll. Uma sithatha ukupakisha okungenamagciwane kweziphuzo zejusi yezithelo njengesibonelo, sizohlaziya inqubo yokwakheka kwemithethonqubo yenqubo yokupakisha umkhiqizo weziphuzo 1. Izici zeziphuzo zezithelo kanye nezidingo ezithile zokupakisha
Ijusi lenziwa ngezithelo ezahlukene, ezihlukahluka ngokwakheka kanye nezakhiwo. Izici eziyinhloko ezihlobene nokupakishwa yi-asidi, ama-enzyme, i-vitamin C, umbala kanye nephunga lejusi.
Zonke izithelo namajusi aqukethe ama-organic acid ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Ama-organic acid angagcina iphunga eliyingqayizivele lezithelo, anikeze abantu injabulo yokunambitha, futhi awusizo empilweni yabantu. Ngakho-ke, amazinga okupakisha akumele avikele ama-organic acid kumajusi ezithelo kuphela, kodwa futhi avimbele ama-organic acid ukuthi akheke. Umphumela obhubhisayo wama-acid ekupakisheni. I-pH yokudla kwamajusi ezitheloukupakishwa kukagwayi wase-UK ngokuvamile ingaphansi kuka-4.5. Amagciwane ngeke akhule ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Ukuwohloka kwejusi yezithelo kubangelwa kakhulu yimvubelo kanye nesikhunta. Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, amajusi aluhlaza awohloka ngenxa yokubiliswa kotshwala, okubangela ukuba i-asidi yotshwala kanye nezithelo ibe ngenxa yokukhula kwemvubelo noma isikhunta ebusweni. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubola, kufanele kuhlanjululwe ngokushesha ngokushisa okuphezulu.
Okusho ukuthi, sebenzisa ipuleti noma ishubhu yokushintsha ukushisa ukushisa ijusi libe yi-degrees ezingama-110.°C bese uyigcina imizuzwana eyi-15, noma uhlunge bese ufaka izithasiselo ukuze ususe ujusi or kuvimbela imiphumela elimazayo yemvubelo. I-Vitamin C kujusi ilahleka kalula, ikakhulukazi ezitsheni zensimbi ezine-iron, ithusi noma i-tin plating empofu. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-ion ensimbi, i-vitamin C i-oxidation kalula. Ngakho-ke, ukupheka ngokushesha kunganciphisa umphumela we-ascorbic acid oxidase. , kunciphise ukusabela kwe-oxidation futhi kuvikele i-vitamin C. Ukusebenzisa ukupakishwa okungenamoya nokuvikela ukukhanya nokugcina emazingeni okushisa aphansi nakho kuzonciphisa ukulahleka kwe-vitamin C. Ukwengeza inani elithile le-sulfite ngesikhathi sokufaka ku-canning nakho kunomphumela wokuvikela ku-vitamin C. 2.
Umklamo wesitsha sokupakisha esingasasebenzi kahle sejusi Ukudla okunejusi kufakwa inzalo ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, bese izinga lokushisa lehliswa libe ngu-20 ~ 30°C ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokungabi namagciwane. Ukupakisha ukudla kwejusi yezithelo ngendlela engaphephile kuyisistimu yokupakisha ebeka ijusi engahlanzekile, izitsha zokupakisha kanye nezinto ezisizayo zokupakisha endaweni engahlanzekile, futhi isebenzisa umshini wokugcwalisa ongahlanzekile ukugcwalisa nokuvala.
Izitsha zokupakisha ezisetshenziswa ekupakisheni okungenamagciwane zifaka izinkomishi, amabhokisi, izikhwama, imiphongolo, njll., kanti izinto zokupakisha ikakhulukazi ziyifilimu ezihlanganisiwe. Ikhwalithiukupakishwa kukagwayi wase-UK Amabhokisi enziwe ngamafilimu ahlanganisiwe angama-8% kuphela kunalawo amabhodlela engilazi anomthamo ofanayo. Akugcini nje ngokuba nezindleko eziphansi, kodwa futhi kukhiqiza imfucuza encane, okusiza ekuvikeleni imvelo.
Isakhiwo kanye nomklamo ovulekayo webhokisi lokupakisha elingasasebenzi kahle kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-4. Izinto zebhokisi ziyifilimu ehlanganisiwe, eyakhiwa izendlalelo eziyisithupha zezinto, okuyi-polyethylene/iphepha/i-polyethylene/i-aluminium foil/i-polyethylene/i-polyethylene Izinto ezihlanganisiwe, lapho u-75% wazo uyiphepha, u-20% uyi-polyethylene, kanti u-5% osele uyi-aluminium foil.
Ukunyathelisa ngezithombe, ukuhlanganisa izinto, ukusika kanye nokuqhekeka kwephepha langaphandle lebhokisi lokupakisha konke kuqedwa ngabakhiqizi abangochwepheshe futhi kulethwa efektri yokupakisha ngesimo somqulu. I-sterile evamile efana nesitiniUkupakishwa kukagwayi wase-UK Ibhokisi elisemakethe linomthamo ongu-250mL, futhi ubukhulu balo buboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-4(b). Umugqa oqinile esithombeni umele umugqa wokusika we-contour, umugqa onamachashazi umele umugqa wokufaka imbobo we-inner fold, kanti umugqa onamachashazi umele umugqa wokufaka imbobo we-outer fold. Umqulu wezinto zokupakisha othuthelwa efektri yokupakisha unobubanzi obungaba ngu-800mm kanye nobude obungaba ngu-800m. Kungakhiqizwa amabhokisi okupakisha angama-aseptic angaba ngu-5,000 amise okwezitini angama-250m.
Izidakamizwa ziyimpahla ekhethekile ethinta impilo nokuphepha kwabantu, ngakho-ke kumele zikhiqizwe ngekhwalithi ephezulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo ngempumelelo. Ukuphepha kuyikhwalithi. I-Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) yemithi eyakhiwe yi-World Health Organization (W0) iwukusebenzisa ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi okuphelele enkambisweni yokukhiqiza imithi, njengokulawula izinto zokusetshenziswa, ubuningi kanye nokulethwa kokugcina, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokusebenza kokupakisha zezimboni zemithi. Kunemithethonqubo ecacile ngendawo, abasebenzi ababandakanyeka ekupakisheni kanyeugwayi wase-UKukupakishwa Izitsha, izinto zokupakisha, imishini yokupakisha, izimpawu zokupakisha, njll. Kwabekwa phambili izidingo eziqinile. Ngamafuphi, ukupakisha imithi kumele kuphephe futhi kuthembeke. Isivikelo esihle. Kulula ukukucubungula. Khuthaza ukuthengisa, kube ngokonga, kube lula ukuyisebenzisa, kudluliswe ulwazi neminye imisebenzi
1.Uugwayi ka-k pukugoqa izidingo zemithi ehlukahlukene.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemithi, futhi izidingo zobuchwepheshe zokupakisha zifaka phakathi 1) Umthelela wezinto zangaphandle esimweni samabhodlela emithi. Imithi isengozini enkulu yokuthonywa izimo zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, zamagciwane kanye nezesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, emoyeni nase-noodle yokuxhomekeka. Kulula ukuyixuba nokubanga ukutheleleka, kulula ukubola nokushintsha umbala uma ivezwa ekukhanyeni, iyabola futhi iwohloke uma ivezwa umswakama, futhi kulula ukuyishintsha futhi ithambe uma ivezwa ekushiseni, okwenza umuthi ulahlekelwe ukusebenza kwawo. Ngezinye izikhathi, esikhundleni sokwelapha lesi sifo, ungabangela ukugula futhi ubeka engcupheni ukuphepha kokuphila. Ngakho-ke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuma, isakhiwo, umklamo wokuhlobisa kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto zokupakisha zokupakisha imithi, into yokuqala okufanele uyicabangele ukusebenza kwayo okuvikelayo, okungukuthi, ukugcina ukusebenza kahle komuthi. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokusebenza kwemithi siyiminyaka emi-2, kanti eminye ingafinyelela iminyaka engaphezu kwemi-3. Ngakho-ke, ukupakisha kufanele futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izithako zemithi zizinzile ngesikhathi sokusebenza futhi ngeke ziwohloke. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi yokulinganisa ziyawohloka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Imithi eqinile efana namathebulethi kanye nophuphu iyawohloka. Uma izinga lokushisa nomswakama kushintsha, ukuma kwazo kanye nekhwalithi yazo kuzoshintsha kancane kancane. Isibonelo, ngemva kokuba amaphilisi ambozwe ushukela emanzi, ubuso buzoncibilika futhi buzovela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imifantu izonciphisa okuqukethwe kwezithako eziyinhloko zomuthi futhi inciphise ukusebenza kwawo. Esinye isibonelo yisimo sokunamathela kwama-powder nama-granule ngemva kokuba manzi, okunciphisa nokusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yemithi. Uketshezi noma imijovo kanye neminye imithi ayithinteki kalula kumswakama, kodwa ithambekele ekushiseni lapho ithintana nomoya, okuzoshintsha nezingxenye eziyinhloko zomuthi futhi kubangele ukushintsha kombala. Noma imvula: Eminye imithi ingcoliswa kalula amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, kanye nesikhunta futhi iyonakala, ilahlekelwa ukusebenza kwayo ngokuphelele futhi ibe imikhiqizo ephansi.
Imithi eqinile njengezinto ezithambisayo izothamba, noma ibhekane noshintsho lwe-oxidation kanye nombala ngaphansi kokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokukhanya. 2 Izidingo zokupakisha imithi. Okokuqala, isimo sengqondo sesiguli kanye nezidingo kumele kucatshangelwe, futhi ulwazi olwanele kufanele lufakwe ukuze abathengi bakwazi ukuqonda izithako kanye nesizinda sokukhiqiza umuthi, ukusebenza kwawo ngqo kulesi sifo, nokuthi bawuthatha kanjani. Umklamo kufanele ubonise umuzwa wokuphepha nokwethenjwa futhi kufanele kube lula ukuwusebenzisa, ukuwuphatha nokugcina. Kufanele futhi kubhekwe njengokulungele ukwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela zokupakisha ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo. Ithebula 8-6 libonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamafomu omthamo wemithi kanye namafomu okupakisha asetshenziselwa ukubhekisela.
2. Umklamo wezokwelaphaUkupakishwa kukagwayi wase-UKimisebenzi yokuvikela.
Ngokusekelwe endaweni yokujikeleza kwemithi, njengokushisa, umswakama, umoya-mpilo, ukukhanya, njll., kanye nezici zezinhlobo zomthamo wemithi, izinqubo zokupakisha ezifanele kanye nezinto zokwakha kufanele zikhethwe ukuze kuklanywe ukupakisha okuvikelayo. Emithini ethinteka kalula umswakama, izinto zokupakisha ezingamelani nomswakama kumele zisetshenziswe.
Ukusatshalaliswa komswakama ohlobene emhlabeni kuyashintsha ngokwe-latitude. Kusukela enkabazwe kuya cishe kuma-latitude aphakathi (cishe ama-35)°), umswakama ohlobene uyancipha ngokwanda kwe-latitude. Uma ushintsha kusuka ku-latitude ephakathi uye ku-latitude ephezulu, njengoba izinga lokushisa lehla kancane kancane, umswakama ohlobene uyanda ngokwanda kwe-latitude.
Indawo eseningizimu yoMfula iYangtze ezweni lakithi inomswakama olinganiselwe, enomswakama olinganiselwe waminyaka yonke ongu-70% kuya ku-80% kanye nomswakama ophelele ongu-1.6 kuya ku-2.4kPa; inani elihlanganisiwe lezikhathi zomswakama olinganiselwe waminyaka yonke ezingaphezu kuka-80% limelela u-50% wamahora aphelele waminyaka yonke. Amahora anomswakama ongu-90% amelela okungaphezu kuka-25% wonyaka. Umswakama olinganiselwe waminyaka yonke e-Yellow River Basin ungama-70%, kanti umswakama ophelele ungama-1.2kPa; eNyakatho-mpumalanga yeShayina
Umswakama ojwayelekile waminyaka yonke endaweni ungama-70%, kanti umswakama ophelele ungama-0.8kPa kuphela.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-05-2024